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IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 


m  GREECE 
WITH  THE  CLASSICS 


By 

William  Amory  Gardner 

Master  at  Groton  School 


Boston 
Little,  Brown,  and  Company 

1908 


K.-^^ 

'^o.^ 

o^ 


C(ypyrighL  1908, 
By  Little,  Brown,  and  Company. 

All  rights  reserved 


Published  AprU,  1908 


COLONIAL  PRESS 

Electrotyped  and  Printed  by  C.  H.  Simonds  &  Co, 

Boston,  U.S.A. 


PREFACE 

This  book  is  the  outcome  of  a  month  spent  in 
Greece  in  the  early  spring  of  1905.  From  my  own 
experience,  I  am  led  to  hope  that  other  travellers 
will  find  their  pleasure  in  visiting  scenes  of  classic 
association  increased  by  reading  on  the  spot  pas- 
sages from  the  ancient  poets  and  story-tellers, 
which  those  scenes  recall. 

The  following  pages  contain  a  number  of  such 
passages,  connected  by  a  slender  thread  of  narrative. 

Many  of  the  passages  are  very  famous,  and  have 
already  been  admirably  translated.  My  only  excuse 
for  offering  new  translations  of  these  is  that,  as  the 
best  translation  in  the  world  can  only  partly  re- 
produce the  feeling  of  an  original  poem,  each  new 
translation  may  possibly  contain  something  which 
will  contribute  its  mite  towards  the  unattainable 
total 


«nRfiQ£> 


CONTENTS 


OHAPTBB  PAGE 

I.  Acropolis 1 

11.  COLONUS   AND    THE    ACADEMY         ...  20 

III.  Eleusis 35 

IV.  Aegina 60 

V.  Marathon 77 

VI.  Corinth 89 

VII.  Mycenae 107 

VIII.  The  Argolid  and  Nauplia       .        .        .  132 

IX.  Delphi 141 

X.  Parnassus  to  Thebes        ....  165 

XI.  Olympia 183 

XII.  The  Story  of  Nausicaa   .         .         .        .203 

Appendix 223 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

"  Ship  of  the  PfliEACiANS,"  Corcyra  .        Frontispiece 
Gorge    of    the     Castalian     Spring, 

Delphi Vignette  on  Title 


NOTE  ON  THE   TRANSLATIONS 

In  most  of  the  translations  I  aim  to  be  as  nearly 
literal  as  possible.  I  usually  reproduce  hexameters 
by  hexameters,  and  Iambic  trimeters  by  blank  verse. 
It  seems  quite  impossible  to  reproduce  in  English  the 
more  difficult  meters  without  wide  departure  from 
the  original  words.  In  such  cases  I  make  an  attempt 
either  by  an  occasional  rhymed  ending,  or  by  a  faint 
echo  of  the  general  rhythm,  to  preserve  something 
of  the  ancient  lyrical  spirit.  When  this  has  seemed 
impossible,  all  that  I  have  attempted  is  a  division 
of  the  passages  into  verses  of  lengths  varying  some- 
what in  harmony  with  those  of  the  original. 

For  the  sake  of  variety,  I  have  done  a  few  passages 
into  English  rhymed  verse.  In  these  instances  the 
translation  is,  of  course,  less  literal. 

The  spelling  of  proper  names  is  not  strictly  con- 
sistent. Where  a  name  has  become  thoroughly 
anglicized,  I  use  the  familiar  spelling. 

The  original  text  of  the  principal  poetical  pas- 
sages is  printed  in  the  Appendix. 


vii 


IN  GREECE 
WITH  THE  CLASSICS 


CHAPTER  I 

ACROPOLIS 

The  historian,  the  archaeologist,  and  the  architect 
have  told  the  world  so  much  about  the  Acropolis 
that  a  detailed  account  of  the  buildings  would  be 
superfluous  in  these  pages.  It  is  purposed  rather 
to  invoke  the  ancient  writers  of  song  and  story  to 
repeat  to  us  the  legends  of  the  Holy  Hill. 

The  Acropolis  rises  high  over  the  city  and  is 
seldom  out  of  the  sight  or  the  thoughts  of  the 
traveller.  One  acquires  the  habit  of  visiting  it 
nearly  every  day.  As  we  mount  the  crowded  streets 
and  long  stone  stairways  leading  from  the  lower 
town  on  the  north,  we  pause  for  a  moment  near  the 
spot  once  occupied  by  the  Prytaneum,  or  we  search 
in  vain  for  traces  of  the  Temple  of  the  Dioscuri 
which  must  have  been  somewhere  near.  We  lift 
the  eyes  and  high  above  us  we  see,  built  into  the 
walls,  the  drums  of  the  ancient  Temple  of  Athene 

1 


'i\     :  IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

which  were  utilized  in  the  rebuilding  of  the  Acropolis 
fortification  after  the  Persian  War.  Lower  down  we 
catch  sight  of  a  small  opening  in  the  jagged  rocks, 
and  after  a  rough  and  difficult  scramble,  the  opening 
enlarges  and  we  find  ourselves  at  the  entrance  of 
the  grotto  of  Aglauros. 

Aglauros  was  one  of  the  three  daughters  of  Ce- 
crops,  the  ancient  king  of  Athens.  Her  sisters  were 
Herse  and  Pandrosos.  To  the  care  of  the  three 
princesses  Athene  committed  the  mysterious  infant 
Erichthonius.  The  child  was  hidden  in  a  chest  which 
the  goddess  bade  the  sisters  by  no  means  to  open. 
Pandrosos  obeyed  the  injunction,  but  Aglauros 
could  not  be  content.  The  chest  was  opened,  and 
behold  an  infant  with  a  serpent  coiled  about  him. 
Smitten  with  terror  or  with  the  madness  of  remorse, 
the  sisters  leaped  from  the  cliff  and  perished.  At 
this  very  time  Athene  was  busy  at  the  work  of 
fortifying  her  beloved  citadel,  and  was  carrying 
a  small  mountain  through  the  air  to  buttress  the 
northern  wall.  A  crow  brought  her  the  news  of 
the  opening  of  the  chest,  and  in  her  agitation  and 
rage,  she  dropped  the  mountain  which  now  domi- 
nates the  town  as  Lycabettus.  The  crow,  as  bearer 
of  ill-tidings,  was  forbidden  thenceforth  to  light  on 
the  Acropolis. 

Another  tale  relates  that  Athene,  to  punish 
Aglauros  for  her  curiosity,  inspired  her  with  jealousy 
of  her  sister  Herse,  who  was  loved  by  the  god  Hermes. 


ACROPOLIS 


In  punishment  Hermes  turned  her  to  stone.  Yet 
another  version  of  the  story  of  Aglauros  tells  that 
she  leaped  from  the  cliff  to  save  her  country,  when 
an  oracle  had  demanded  a  victim  as  the  price  of 
victory  in  war.  "« 

It  was  doubtless  in  connection  with  this  nobler 
tradition  that  in  after  times,  when  the  Youth  of 
Athens  reached  the  age  of  military  service,  they 
received  in  this  cave  the  shield  and  spear,  and 
in  the  name  of  Aglauros,  took  the  oath  of  devo- 
tion to  their  country.  Henceforth  "  They  ^  swear 
to  regard  as  the  boundaries  of  Attica,  *The 
Wheat,  the  Barley,  the  Vine  and  the  OHve; '  being 
taught  to  consider  as  their  own  all  lands  that  are 
cultivated  and  fruitful." 

When  Pisistratus  wished  to  disarm  the  citizens, 
that  his  tyranny  might  be  the  more  secure,  he  bade 
them  all  bring  their  weapons  to  the  Anakeion.^ 
"They  came,  and  his  henchmen  advancing  took 
away  the  arms  and  deposited  them  in  the  sacred 
precinct  of  Aglauros.'' 

We  enter  the  cave,  and  overhead,  in  the  dim  light, 
we  can  make  out  a  staircase  hewn  in  the  rock. 
Wooden  steps  doubtless  continued  this  to  the  floor 
of  the  cave  in  ancient  times.  It  was  the  staircase 
of  the  maidens  who,  at  the  yearly  festival,  carried 
a   mysterious   chest  down   from  the   Erechtheum 

» Plutarch:  Alcib.,  15. 

'  Temple  of  the  Dioscuri  a  little  below  the  grotto. 


4         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

through  the  cavern  to  the  precinct  of  Eileithyia  in 
the  city  below.  To  the  westward  of  the  grotto, 
another  stairway  cUmbs  the  steep  rocks  —  the 
Makrae/  as  they  were  called,  —  and  leads  to  the 
Pandroseum,  thd  open  platform  lying  to  the  west- 
ward of  the  Erechtheum  and  named  for  the  good 
sister  Pandrosos.  It  is  a  difficult  climb.  This  is 
the  way  ^  by  which  Herodotus  tells  us  ^  the  Per- 
sians, after  many  fruitless  efforts  to  capture  the 
Acropolis,  at  last  succeeded  in  effecting  an  entrance. 
They  quickly  massacred  the  remnant  who  stayed 
behind  when  the  rest  of  the  Athenians  had  fled  to 
Salamis,  and  they  burned  and  destroyed  every- 
thing in  the  Citadel.  Yet  though  they  burned  the 
sacred  olive  planted  by  Athene  herself,  lo,  within 
two  days,  the  immortal  tree  shot  up  higher  than 
before. 

We  follow  a  difficult  path  to  the  westward  along 
a  slightly  lower  level.  In  a  few  minutes  we  come 
to  a  second  grotto  —  that  of  Pan  —  bestowed  on  the 
god  in  gratitude  for  his  assistance  at  the  battle  of 
Marathon.  Euripides,  who  is  not  sensitive  about 
chronology,  tells  us  how  Pan  was  wont  to  sit  in  his 
cave  and  pipe  for  the  maidens  to  dance  in  the 
Pandroseum  overhead: 

*  Long  Rocks. 

'Or  possibly  the  above  mentioned  staircase  inside  the 
grotto. 

'  Herodotus,  viii.  53  and  55. 


ACROPOLIS 


"  Oh  ^  thou  haunt  of  the  mighty  Pan, 
Rock  by  the  Long  CUff  cavernous, 
Where  with  their  feet  the  sisters  three, 

Aglauros'  ^  daughters  fair, 
Oft  tread  their  dances  beside  the  fane 
Of  Pallas,  over  the  verdant  lawn, 
In  time  to  the  varied  sound  of  Hymn 

When  thou  art  piping  there; 

"  Oh  Pan,  within  thy  cavern  grot. 

Where  once  of  old  a  maid, 
A  mother  too,  ah  hapless  one! 

Her  tender  infant  laid  -7- 
Offspring  of  Phoebus  —  as  a  feast 

To  winged  creatures  wild. 
And  bloody  banquet  to  the  beast 

She  left  her  helpless  child. 

"  Ah  dreadful  deed!  —  the  fruit 
Of  union  bitter  —  never  have  I  learned 
In  tapestry  embroidered. 
Nor  yet  in  story  told. 
That  happiness  to  mortal's  lot 
Hath    been    vouchsafed   through    offspring    god- 
begot, 

Now  or  in  days  of  old." 

» Eurip.:  Ion,  492-508. 

'  The  mother  of  the  maidens  was  also  called  Aglauros. 


6  IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

The  Western  Grotto  —  that  of  Apollo  —  is  less 
interesting  in  itself,  though  lately  it  has  figured 
in  Dr.  Dorpfeld's  able  exposition  of  controverted 
topographical  problems.^  According  to  Pausanias, 
it  was  here  and  not  in  Pan's  cave  that  Apollo  begat 
Ion.  The  walls  are  covered  with  shallow  niches  for 
votive  offerings  similar  to  those  in  Aphrodite's 
sanctuary  in  the  pass  of  Daphne. 

We  climb  a  rough  staircase  only  to  find  our  up- 
ward way  blocked  by  modern  masonry.  We  stoop, 
however,  and  enter  at  the  left  a  low  chamber,  used 
at  one  time  as  a  Christian  chapel  — "  Of  the 
Apostles "  —  and  adorned  with  rude  Christian 
paintings.  In  the  centre  is  the  mouth  of  the  cistern 
called  Clepsydra,  which  supplied  the  water-clock 
in  the  Tower  of  the  Winds  in  the  city  below.  When, 
during  the  war  of  Independence,  the  Turks  were 
besieged  in  the  Acropolis,  they  were  in  sore  straits 
for  want  of  water.  After  the  citadel  was  won  by 
the  Greeks,  Odysseus  Andritsos  built  a  wall  enclosing 
the  Clepsydra,  and  the  supply  was  secure.^  The 
name  "  Water-Stealer "  refers  to  the  frequent 
fluctuations  in  the  depth  of  the  well. 

Traces  of  masonry  below  the  shrine  of  Apollo 
mark  the  beginning  of  the  Pelasgicon.  This  was  an 
ancient  precinct,  extending  from  this  point  round 

*  See  chapter  ix,  line  1,  note. 

'  Long  before  this,  in  the  early  days  of  Athens,  Cylon  and 
his  conspirators  suffered  from  thirst  in  the  same  manner. 


ACROPOLIS 


the  western  end  of  the  Acropolis,  and  along  the 
southern  slope  nearly  to  the  sanctuary  of  As- 
clepios.  It  was  against  the  law  to  erect  buildings 
in  the  enclosure.  Just  after  the  Persian  War, 
however,  when  the  Athenians  returned  from  Salamis, 
they  were  permitted  to  hve  here  temporarily. 

A  little  to  the  northwest  there  rises  a  rough  rock 
with  a  gloomy  cavern  in  its  eastern  side.  To  most 
people  it  is  a  disappointment  to  learn  that  this 
barren,  uninteresting  place  is  the  famous  Areopagus, 
believed  by  many  to  be  the  Hill  of  Mars,^  where  St. 
Paul  stood,  and,  with  the  great  temples  of  the 
Periclean  Age  full  in  view,  declared  to  the  Athenians 
that  "  The  Lord  who  made  Heaven  and  Earth 
dwelleth  not  in  temples  made  with  hands."  A  few 
rough  steps  lead  to  the  top  of  the  rock,  and  there 
are  some  traces  here  of  the  spot  where  the  great 
Life  and  Death  Tribunal  sat.  We  are  told  of  two 
stones  on  which  plaintiff  and  defendant  used  to 
stand.  The  one  was  called  the  Stone  of  Outrage, 
the  other  the  Stone  of  Shamelessness.  The  court 
was  sanctified  by  the  goddess  Athene  herself, 
when  Orestes  was  tried  here  for  the  murder  of  his 
mother.  The  vote  was  a  tie,  and  the  goddess 
decreed  that  forever  after  a  tie  should  mean  ac- 
quittal. The  Plaintiff  Furies  in  their  rage  and  dis- 
appointment threatened  dire  consequences  to  the 

^The  name  Areopagus  may  not  refer  to  the  God  Ares. 
The  meaning  is  perhaps  The  Hill  of  the  'Apal,  i.  e.  Curses. 


8         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

land,  until  at  last  they  were  appeased  by  Athene, 
and  induced  to  take  up  their  abode  in  a  cavern 
beneath  the  rock,  where  they  were  henceforth  to 
be  honoured  as  Eumenides  —  Reverend  Weil- 
Wishers.  The  end  of  the  great  Trilogy  of  Aeschy- 
lus  represents  the  solemn  procession  which  conducts 
the  Eumenides  to  their  new  abode.  Blessings 
unbounded  are  now  invoked  upon  the  land,  re- 
versing the  former  imprecations. 

Chorus  of  Eumenides:   "Oh  *  hail,  all  hail  in  the 

blessings  of  wealth  — 
Hail  ye  people  of  the  town,  ye  whose  dwelling  is  near 

Zeus. 
Loved  of  the  beloved  Maid,  blest  with  wisdom  now 

at  last 
High  in  the  esteem  of  Zeus,  since  'neath  Pallas' 

wing  ye  rest. 

Athene:  "All  hail  ye  as   well,   but  fir^t  I  must 

go 
To  show  you  the  place  of  your  future  abode. 
By  the  sacred  torches  of  these  your  guides. 
With  sacrifice  solemn,  your  path  we  attend. 
Go,  haste  'neath  the  Earth,  every  evil  henceforth 
To  keep  from  our  land,  but  all  blessings  to  send 

To  our  city  victorious  ever. 

*  Aeschylus:  Eum.,  949. 


ACROPOLIS 


And  ye  lead  the  way  for  these  our  new  guests, 
Oh  Kranaos'  sons,  ye  guards  of  the  State, 
And  be  good  their  intent 
Of  every  good  thing  to  the  people. 

Chorus:  "  Oh  hail,  all  hail  again  in  portion 
double! 

All  ye  dwellers  in  the  land,  deities  and  mortal 
men  — 

Ye  who  Pallas'  city  sway,  —  and  if  ye  my  dwell- 
ing place 

Shall  with  piety  revere,  no  disaster  need  ye  dread/' 


Marshals  of  the  Procession:    "  Go  to  your  homes, 

ye  Mighty  Ones,  high  honoured; 
Children  of  Night,  by  joyful  throng  attended  — 

Keep  holy  silence,  people  of  the  land! 
'Neath  ancient  darkness  of  the  lurking-places 
Of  Earth,  with  honourable  off' rings  splendid,  — 
Keep  holy  silence,  all  ye  citizens! 

"  Propitious  and  kind  to  our  land 
Come  hither,  oh  reverend  train. 
With  torch  brightly  burning  your  glad  path  dis- 
cerning; 
Ye  people  respond  to  our  strain. 
With  shout  of  rejoicing  again. 


10         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  Libation  and  torchlight  attend. 
For  Zeus  hath  vouchsafed  to  descend 
As  champion  all-seeing,  and  Fate  too,  agreeing;  — 
Ye  people  respond  to  our  strain, 
With  shout  of  rejoicing  again." 

We  mount  the  long  flight  of  steps  leading  to  the 
citadel,  and  stop  to  rest  on  the  platform  of  the 
Nik^  Apteros  Temple.  In  the  early  part  of  the 
nineteenth  century,  there  was  left  of  the  beautiful 
little  temple  not  one  stone  upon  another,  when  Ross 
discovered  its  fragments  built  into  a  Turkish  bastion. 
Wonderful  to  relate,  little  of  importance  was  missing, 
except  a  piece  of  the  frieze  taken  by  Lord  Elgin 
to  London.  The  temple  was  rebuilt  in  1835  in 
almost  unimpaired  beauty. 

"  Most  holy  Victory,  my  life  attend 
Nor  weary,  crowns  bestowing!  "  ^ 

"  From  ^  this  place  there  is  a  wide  view  over  the 
sea,  and  here  Aegeus  having  thrown  himself  down, 
as  they  say,  perished.  For  the  ship  which  carried 
the  youths  and  maidens  to  Crete,  put  to  sea  with 
black  sails.  Now  Theseus  —  for  he  sailed  forth 
with  some  confidence  against  the  so-called  Bull  of 
Minos  —  agreed  with  his  father  that  he  would  use 

*  Eurip.:  Iph.  Aiil.  end. 
'  Pausanias,  i.  22.  5. 


ACROPOLIS  11 


white  sails,  if  he  should  sail  homeward  victorious 
over  the  Bull.  But  he  forgot  all  this,  when  he 
carried  off  Ariadne.  Accordingly  Aegeus,  when  he 
saw  the  ship  approaching  with  black  sails,  sup- 
posing his  son  to  have  perished,  hurled  himself 
from  the  height  and  was  destroyed."  The  "  wide 
view  over  the  sea ''  well  deserves  its  fame. 

In  Plato's  Phaedo  we  learn  how  the  expedition 
of  Theseus  influenced  the  circumstances  of  the 
death  of  Socrates.^ 

Phaedo.  "  It  chanced  that  on  the  day  before  the 
trial  the  wreath  had  been  hung  on  the  stern  of  the 
ship  which  the  Athenians  are  wont  to  despatch 
to  Delos." 

Echecrates.    "  What  ship  is  that?  '' 

Phaedo,  "  That  refers  to  the  vessel  —  as  the 
Athenians  say  —  in  which  once  upon  a  time  Theseus 
carried  the  *  twice  seven '  to  Crete,  and  wrought 
them  deliverance  and  was  delivered  himself.  Now 
they  vowed  then  to  Apollo,  as  it  is  said,  that  if  they 
should  be  delivered,  they  would  conduct  a  sacred 
embassy  to  Delos  each  year.  And  they  despatch 
this  embassy  yearly  in  honour  of  the  god  from  that 
day  even  until  now.  Therefore,  when  they  begin  the 
mission,  it  is  their  custom  to  keep  the  city  pure 
from  defilement  during  that  space  and  to  put  no 

» Plato:  Phaedo,  58a  and  b. 


12         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

man  to  death  publicly,  until  the  ship  come  to  Delos 
and  return  hither  again.  And  this  is  sometimes 
a  long  interval  of  time,  when  it  happens  that  winds 
detain  them.  And  the  beginning  of  the  mission  is 
the  moment  when  the  priest  of  Apollo  places  a 
wreath  on  the  stern  of  the  ship.  And  this  took 
place,  as  I  say,  the  day  before  the  trial.  So  then  a 
long  time  elapsed  for  Socrates  in  the  prison,  the 
time  between  his  trial  and  his  death." 

Upon  the  Nike  platform  once  stood  the  group  of 
the  Three  Graces  by  Socrates.  The  imagination 
finds  it  difficult  to  connect  the  good  old  sage  with 
such  work,  and  the  archaeologists  are  incUned  to 
doubt  the  authorship.  It  must  be  remembered, 
however,  that  Socrates  was  the  son  of  a  sculptor,  and 
we  can  find  in  his  sayings  hints  of  a  special  devotion 
to  the  Graces  as  well  as  of  his  practical  knowledge 
of  the  art  of  sculpture. 


tt 


For^  what  without  the  Graces  is  by  man 
To  be  desired?     Ever  be  my  lot 
Beside  the  Graces  cast." 

"  Of  ^  waters  of  Cephisus  sharing, 
Ye  who  dwell  in  the  land  of  goodly  steeds. 

^Theoc:  16.  108. 

2  Pindar  :  01.,  xiv.  1-17. 


ACROPOLIS  13 


Oh  theme  of  poet's  song,  oh  Queens 
Of  bright  Or cho  menus, 
Ye  Graces,  guardians  of  the  ancient  Minyae, 
Hear  when  I  pray. 

"  For  with  you  all  that  is  delightsome, 
All  that  is  sweet, 
On  mortals  is  bestowed. 
If  one  be  wise  or  fair  or  splendid. 

"  For  not  without  the  Graces  holy, 
Even  the  gods  rule  dance  or  festival; 

But  ministers  of  all  in  heaven, 
Their  throne  they  set  beside  Apollo  Pythian, 

And  reverence  the  glory  everlasting 
Of  their  Olympian  Sire. 

"  Aglaia  queenly  and  Euphrosyne^ 

Lover  of  songs,  oh  hearken! 
Ye  daughters  of  the  mightiest  of  gods. 
And  thou  Thalia  who  in  hymns  delightest, 

This  joyful  troop  beholding 

Beneath  the  smile  of  Fortune 

As  with  Ught  step  it  treadeth." 

The  Propylaea  seems,  next  after  the  Parthenon, 
to  have  been  the  building  in  which  the  Athenians 
took  the  greatest  pride.  It  is  indeed  a  glorious 
entrance   to   the   glorious   sanctuary.     The   great 


14         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

buildings  of  the  Acropolis  have,  however,  been  often 
described.  Let  us  rather  note  minor  details  of  our 
stroll  about  the  citadel,  which  recall  some  tale  or 
excite  some  reflection  of  interest. 

We  enter  the  mighty  gate,  passing  the  north- 
west wing  which  was  once  adorned  with  the  paint- 
ings of  Polygnotus,^  and  the  southwest  wing, 
altered  and  cramped  from  the  original  design.  The 
ancient  precinct  of  Artemis  Brauronia  near  by 
might  not  be  entrenched  upon.  Just  inside  the  en- 
trance is  the  base  of  a  monument  which  recalls  the 
care  and  affection  bestowed  by  Pericles  on  the 
works  undertaken,  during  his  administration,  for 
the  adornment  of  his  City.  One  of  the  workmen 
employed  on  the  roof  of  the  Propylaea,  fell  and 
was  seriously  injured.  In  gratitude  for  a  miracu- 
lous recovery,  the  head  of  the  State  himself  caused 
a  votive  offering  in  honour  of  Hygeia,  the  goddess 
of  healing,  to  be  erected  on  this  base. 

In  spring  the  rock  is  carpeted  with  wild  flowers, 
which  peep  out  between  the  innumerable  fragments 
of  masonry  and  sculpture  lying  about  the  whole 
inclosure.  Anemones  of  all  colours,  daisies,  as- 
phodels,   and   certain   beautiful   pink   and   yellow 

*  One  of  the  pictures  represented  Polyxena.  A  Greek 
epigram  tells  us  that  "  The  whole  story  of  Troy  might  be 
read  in  her  eyes."  Protogenes  painted  for  the  Propylaea 
a  picture  of  the  Paralos,  one  of  the  two  State  ships  of 
Athens. 


ACROPOLIS  15 


flowers  unfamiliar  to  foreign  eyes,  spring  up  where- 
ever  there  is  enough  soil,  and  supply  in  some 
measure  the  brightness  of  colouring  which  must 
have  pervaded  the  scene  in  ancient  times.  To  under- 
stand why  the  undoubted  custom  of  using  colour 
on  the  sculptural  and  architectural  details  did  not 
strike  as  vulgar  and  gaudy  this  most  sensitive 
of  peoples,  we  must  try  to  recall  the  brilliant  sur- 
roundings, in  the  days  when  the  gaily  dressed 
throng  advanced  in  the  Panathenaic  procession 
along  a  road  lined  on  both  sides  with  innumerable 
votive  offerings.  All  the  bright  bronze  and  gilded 
chariots  and  shrines  are  gone,  and  there  remains  only 
the  hard  rock  of  the  road  bed,  deeply  rutted  by  the 
ancient  wheels.  Naturally  then  it  is  not  easy  for 
us  to  realize  that  a  statue  or  building  of  unreheved 
whiteness  might  have  seemed  cold  and  cheerless 
to  the  eyes  of  the  festal  throngs. 

As  we  advance  towards  the  Erechtheum,  we  pause 
with  interest  at  the  remains  of  the  pedestal  on  which 
stood  one  of  the  three  colossal  statues  designed  by 
Phidias.  This  was  the  Athene  Pro  machos,  cham- 
pion warrior  goddess,  less  serene  and  calmly  beauti- 
ful than  the  gold  and  ivory  maiden  of  the  Parthenon 
hard  by;  but  dear  to  the  sailor  and  to  the  traveller 
returning  from  abroad. 

For  "  of  ^  this  Athene  the  point  of  the  spear  and 


»  Paus.,  i.  28.  2. 


16       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

the  crest  of  the  helmet  become  visible  to  those 
approaching  by  sea  from  Sunium." 

The  statue  was  of  bronze  from  the  spoils  "  of  the 
Medes  who  landed  at  Marathon.'^ 

In  the  Odyssey  (viii,  80  and  81)  the  Goddess 
Athene  "  came  to  Marathon  and  entered  the  stoutly- 
built  house  of  Erechtheus." 

This  building  — 

"  Where  ^  first  Athene  brought  to  light 
The  shoot  of  the  gray  olive 
—  A  heavenly  crown  — 
And  ornament  to  briUiant  Athens,"  — 

has  lately  undergone  a  good  deal  of  restoration. 
The  work  has  been  well  done,  and  has  doubtless 
preserved  from  ruin  the  famous  North  Porch  which 
has  served  as  a  model  for  so  many  doorways. 
The  Porch  of  the  "  Caryatides  "  is  more  beautiful 
than  photographs  might  lead  us  to  expect,  and  we 
recall  the  pretty  modern  saying  that "  These  maid- 
ens in  their  mournful  dignity  are  thinking  of  their 
sister  in  distant  London." 

It  was  in  or  near  the  Pandroseum,  on  the  western 
side  of  the  Erechtheum,  that  the  great  discovery  was 
made  in  1886  of  the  charming  .statues  of  archaic 
maidens.    These  are  now  in  the  Acropolis  Museum. 

» Eurip.:  Tro.,  799. 


ACROPOLIS  17 


One  grows  more  and  more  to  admire  —  even  love  — 
these  dear  ladies.  One  has  somewhat  the  feeling 
about  them  that  one  has  about  the  maidens  of 
Botticelli,  while  to  the  historian  of  art  they  are  of 
inestimable  value. 

South  of  the  Erechtheum  may  be  seen  many 
traces  of  the  Old  Temple  which  stood  here  before 
the  Persian  War.  These  ruins  are  of  great  interest 
to  the  archaeologist,  but  are  not  easy  for  a  layman 
to  comprehend.  We  pass  gigantic  drums  of  pros- 
trate columns  and  at  last  enter  the  Parthenon. 
Even  in  its  wrecked  condition  the  wonderful  temple 
overwhelms  the  senses,  the  head,  and  above  all 
the  heart.  What  it  must  have  been  in  the  days 
of  its  glory  we  cannot  attempt  to  conceive;  but 
though  shorn  of  almost  all  ornament,  and  with  most 
of  its  columns  overthrown,  it  is  still  the  Parthenon. 
Stand  where  the  great  statue  stood  and  look  East 
to  Lycabettus,^  over  which  the  morning  sun  still 
climbs;  or  mount  the  little  stairway  that  leads  to 
the  southwestern  corner  of  the  roof,  and  gaze 
down  over  the  valley  of  the  Ilissus  or  across  the  bay 
to  Aegina;  or  sit  on  the  western  steps  with  the  back 
resting  in  one  of  the  flutings  of  a  mighty  column, 
looking  forth  to  the  far  mountains  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, as  the  sun  sinks  behind  Salamis,  and  darkness 
steals  across  Piraeus  and  the  Attic  plain;  —  it  is 

*  Light-trodden,  according  to  a  now  abandoned  etymology. 


18       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

still  overwhelmingly  the  Parthenon,  though  London 
claims  the  greater  part  of  the  frieze  and  pediment 
and  metopes,  and  though  much  of  what  remains 
is  battered  beyond  recognition  or  has  perished 
utterly.  The  western  frieze  is  beautiful  still,  and 
several  of  the  best  slabs  of  the  eastern  frieze  are 
preserved  in  the  little  Acropolis  Museum  whither 
we  next  bend  our  steps,  to  spend  a  happy  hour 
among  the  queer  monsters  from  the  archaic  temple, 
and  the  fine  work  of  Pisistratid  and  early  Phidian 
times. 

As  we  emerge  and  stroll  along  the  south  wall  of 
the  Acropolis,  we  pass  the  site  of  the  famous  votive 
offering  of  Attains,  replicas  of  the  chief  figures  of 
which  are  to  be  found  in  many  of  the  museums  of 
Europe.  To  one  of  these  figures  is  undoubtedly 
owed  the  inspiration  which  produced  the  "  Dying 
Gaul."  We  are  told  that  part  of  this  offering  was 
once  blown  over  the  wall  by  a  mighty  wind, 
and  was  found  in  the  theatre  of  Dionysus 
below. 

We  descend  from  the  Acropolis  and  take  the  path 
leading  to  the  left  along  the  southern  slope.  Skirt- 
ing the  top  row  of  seats  of  the  well-preserved  Odeum 
of  Herodes  Atticus,  —  a  pubHc-spirited  benefactor 
of  the  Roman  epoch,  who  built  this  monument  to  the 
memory  of  his  wife  Regilla,  —  one  passes  a  suc- 
cession of  fragmentary  remains  of  old  Pelasgic 
work,  and  finally  reaches  the  much  ruined  precinct 


ACROPOLIS  19 


of  Asclepios/  where  it  is  still  possible  to  drink 
a  cup  of  the  healing  water  of  Hygeia's  fountain. 

One  is  glad  to  rest  in  the  theatre  of  Dion^us, 
and  dream  of  the  scenes  enacted  here.  Though 
nearly  all  the  present  building  dates  from  a  period 
far  later  than  the  days  of  the  Mighty  Four,  yet  here 
is  the  very  spot  where  the  most  intelligent  audience 
in  the  world  met  at  the  festival  of  the  God  to  witness 
the  great  dramatic  contests.  Here  were  enacted  the 
woes  of  the  cursed  line^of  Pelops,  and  the  horrors 
of  the  house  of  Oedipus;  here  Prometheus  made  his 
immortal  appeal  against  the  tyranny  of  the  go^: 
here  Alcestis  taught  the  depths  of  woman's  selt- 
immolating  love;  and  here  too,  in  joyful  hours,  the 
hoHday  crowd  took  its  delight  in  the  merry  squibs 
flung  at  their  wiseacres  and  demagogues.^ 

Above  our  heads  just  under  the  Acropolis  walls 
near  the  cave  of  Hagia  Speliotissa  stand  two 
columns.  They  are  relics  of  a  Choragic  victory, 
and  as  we  turn  our  steps  homeward  to  the  modern 
city,  we  pass  close  to  another  such  memorial,  the 
beautiful  little  Corinthian  monument  of  Lysicrates. 

*  The  precinct  of  Asclepios  is  familiar  to  us  in  the  amusing 
account  in  the  Plutus  of  Aristophanes,  of  the  cure  performed 
in  this  place  upon  the  blind  god  of  wealth.  It  is  a  ludicrous 
medley  of  charlatan  priest,  sham  patient,  gluttonous  old 
woman,  thievish  servant,  and  medical  hocus-pocus. 

'  In  the  days  when  good-natured  Socrates  stood  up  during 
a  performance  of  the  Clouds,  to  give  the  spectators  a  good 
chance  to  compare  him  with  his  namesake  on  the  stage. 


CHAPTER  II 

COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY 

Perhaps  most  excursions  in  foreign  lands 
should  be  made  in  the  company  of  one  or  more 
friends.  So  much  is  gained  by  exchange  of  ideaS; 
and  so  much  of  the  beauty  of  nature  is  doubly  en- 
joyable, when  one  feels  that  another  is  sympa- 
thetically affected,  even  if  no  word  be  spoken. 
The  walk  here  described,  however,  should  be  a 
solitary  one,  at  least  for  the  first  time.  Afterwards 
the  scenes  may  well  be  revisited  and  the  memory 
refreshed  by  expression  to  a  companion  of  that 
which  at  first  was  all  impression. 

Down  the  long  hill  from  the  northeast  corner  of 
the  AcropoUs  slope  to  the  Dipylon,  we  take  our  way 
through  crooked  streets  and  past  somewhat  be- 
wildering ruins  chiefly  of  Roman  date.  We  receive 
a  confusion  of  impressions  of  Athens  Modern, 
Roman,  and  Hellenic;  Athens  Ecclesiastical,  Com- 
mercial, Christian,  and  Pagan.  First  we  pass  the 
ugly  Metropolitan:  then  a  better  Byzantine  church; 
then  a  busy  street  of  shops;  an  old  monastery,  a 
Roman  Market  Gate,  and  a  portico  of  distorted 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY  21 

giants;  then  the  calm  Theseum  high  on  the  left,  the 
railway  station;  and  at  last  we  reach  the  ruined 
City  Gate,  and  the  peaceful  cemetery  of  the  Outer 
Ceramicus. 

We  wander  slowly  among  these  tombs  where 
sleep  the  ancient  dead,  the  poor  and  the  rich,  the 
lowly  and  the  great  alike.  Here  we  are  particu- 
larly struck  with  the  incredible  productivity  of 
Greek  Art.  Hundreds  of  the  grave  monuments 
of  the  Ceramicus  are  without  special  renown,  and 
yet  nearly  every  one  is  of  great  beauty.  Most  of 
the  masterpieces  have  been  taken  to  the  Museum 
for  shelter  from  the  weather,  but  enough  remain  in 
place  to  give  joy  and  wonder  to  the  beholder,  and 
send  him  on  his  way  with  high  and  holy  thoughts. 
Here  is  the  brave  young  knight  who  fell  at  Corinth, 
for  ever  striking  down  the  foe  beneath  his  rearing 
charger;  beyond  is  the  great  lady,  taking  her  neck- 
lace from  the  jewel-case  held  by  her  comely  maid; 
near  by  is  the  splendid  charging  bull;  the  great 
hound  with  the  upward  glance  of  despair;  the 
grave  elder  with  his  wife  and  sons;  and  at  last  the 
pathetic  empty  tombs  consisting  of  four  simple 
gray  slabs  and  Ud.  This  scene  of  solemnity  and 
beauty  is  surely  a  fitting  place  in  which  to  bid 
farewell  to  the  city  and  the  works  of  man,  before 
turning  our  steps  onward  to  nature  and  the  Attic 
spring  time. 

It  was  in  the  first  year  of  the  Peloponnesian  War 


22       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

that  Pericles  uttered  on  this  spot  the  famous  funeral- 
oration  preserved  for  us  by  Thucydides: 

"  I  ^  will  begin  first  with  our  forefathers.  For  it 
is  right  and  seemly  on  such  an  occasion,  to  lay 
at  their  feet  this  tribute  of  remembrance.  For 
the  same  stock,  ever  dweUing  in  this  land,  have 
handed  it  down  free  through  their  virtue  by  succes- 
sion of  descendants  to  this  day.  They  are  worthy 
of  all  praise,  and  of  greater  praise  still  our  own 
sires  are  deserving.  For,  after  winning  in  addition 
to  their  inheritance,  the  great  dominion  we  now 
rule,  they  transmitted  it  intact  to  us  not  without  toil 
on  their  part. 

"  But  I  pass  on  to  the  encomium  of  these  men. 
For  I  deem  it  were  not  idly  spoken,  and  that  this 
mighty  throng  of  citizens  and  strangers  would  hear 
the  same  with  profit." 

"  For  we  enjoy  a  poUty  which  needs  not  emulate 
the  laws  of  our  neighbours,  but  which  rather  serves 
them  as  model.  .  .  ." 

So  began  the  proud  oration.  Athens,  the  true 
democracy  of  Moderation,  the  home  of  Piety,  and 
of  all  that  adorns  civiUzed  Ufe  —  this  was  the  theme 
of  Pericles,  and  we  can  picture  to  ourselves  the  great 
crowd  as  it  departed  from  the  cemetery  filled  with 
undying  devotion  to  such  a  fatherland,  and  with 

>  Thuc,  ii.  36. 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY  23 

high  resolution  to  face  for  her  sake  all  that  the 
oncoming  days  of  war  and  pestilence  might  have  in 
store. 

"  And  ^  more  —  we  have  provided  for  the  spirit 
resting  places  after  toil,  religious  games  and  services 
throughout  the  year,  adorned  with  the  grace  and 
beauty  our  own  Hberahty  provides,  the  joy  of 
which  day  by  day  makes  us  forget  our  sorrows. 
Through  the  greatness  of  our  state,  all  things  flow 
hither  from  all  the  world,  and  it  falls  to  our  lot  to 
reap  with  no  more  famihar  enjoyment  the  blessings 
our  own  land  provides  than  those  which  come  to  us 
from  aHen  peoples.  ...  In  our  education,  our 
sons  by  toilsome  effort  from  their  earliest  youth 
pursue  the  path  of  manUness.  .  .  .  We  love  the 
Beautiful  with  chastened  taste,  and  pursue  Phi- 
losophy without  effeminate  weakness.  Wealth  we 
enjoy  more  as  furnishing  opportunity  for  deeds, 
than  as  occasion  for  empty  boast;  and  it  is  no 
shame  to  confess  poverty 

"  Wherefore  also  I  have  dwelt  at  length  on  our 
polity,  in  order  to  teach  the  lesson  that  for  us  the 
struggle  is  for  a  far  nobler  stake  than  it  is  for  those 
who  share  in  no  such  blessings;  and  also  in  order 
to  manifest  by  illustration  the  praise  of  those  con- 
cerning whom  I  now  speak.  And  the  chief  part  of 
the  eulogy  has  been  spoken.    For  the  brave  deeds 

» Thuc,  ii.  38. 


24         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

of  these  and  such  as  these  have  adorned  the  tale 
of  our  city  which  I  have  told,  and  not  in  the  case 
of  many  Greeks  could  words  and  deeds  balance  thus 
equally  in  the  scale.  .  .  .  And  these  our  dead  were 
such  in  their  lives  in  wise  beseeming  such  a  city. 
But  it  behoves  the  survivors  to  pray  that  they  may 
maintain  a  spirit  more  fortunate  in  the  event,  per- 
haps, but  not  a  whit  less  daring  towards  the  foe.  .  .  . 
For  of  famous  men  the  whole  world  is  sepulchre; 
and  not  only  the  inscriptions  written  on  their  steles 
at  home  proclaim  their  story,  but  even  in  aUen 
lands,  the  unwritten  remembrance  of  their  spirit 
even  more  than  of  their  deeds  abides  in  every  man. 
Do  you  then  emulate  these  men  to-day  and,  holding 
that  Happiness  consists  in  Liberty,  and  Liberty 
in  Stoutness  of  Soul,  shrink  not  from  the  dangers 
of  war.  For  it  is  not  the  wretched  who  have  no 
hope  of  good,  who  should  more  justly  be  unsparing 
of  their  lives;  but  those  in  whose  case  the  opposite 
lot  in  life  is  still  in  the  balance,  and  in  whose  fortunes 
the  change  will  be  most  tremendous,  if  in  aught 
they  stumble." 

The  road  *  leads  northward  for  about  a  mile, 
until  it  passes  the  foot  of  a  bare  hill  which  rises  on 
the  right.  It  is  a  dreary  little  hill.  Scant  grass,  gray 
pebbles,  red,  muddy  soil,  no  trees.     A  forlorn  and 

^  Near  this  road  was  the  house  of  Timon,  the  hater  of  his 
kind.  This  was  also  the  course  of  the  torch  race  held  in  honour 
of  Prometheus. 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY    25 

ugly  place.  But  the  view  is  the  recompense.  The 
hill  commands  a  beautiful  prospect  of  the  Acropolis- 
crowned  city,  the  Attic  mountains,  the  oUve  groves 
of  the  Cephisian  Plain,  the  road  winding  up  the  pass 
of  Daphne,  Salamis,  Aegina,  and  the  glorious  sea. 
To  the  north  the  Plain  of  Attica  is  defended  by 
the  range  of  Mount  Parnes.  The  clouds  float  over 
our  heads  from  the  mountain  towards  the  city  as 
they  did  in  days  of  old  to  alight  on  the  stage  of  the 
theatre  of  Dionysus. 

"  Let  *  us  rise  to  view 
Clouds  ever  floating, 
Of  nature  unstable, 
Shining  with  dew. 
From  our  Father  Ocean  groaning  deep 
To  tree-clad  mountain-summits  steep, 
Where  our  far-gazing  watch 
O'er  the  sacred  soil. 
Moist  with  its  fruitage. 

We  still  maintain. 
And  we  hear  the  murmurs 
Of  holy  rivers. 
And  the  roar  of  the  heavy-thundering  main. 

"  For  the  eye  of  Ether  unwearied  gleams, 
Bright  with  its  marble-dazzling  beams. 

>  Aristoph.:  Clouds,  275  ff. 


26        IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  But  cast  we  aside  our  wrapping  of  storms, 
And  gaze  over  Earth 
With  eye  far-seeing. 

Clad  in  our  native  immortal  forms. 


"  Virgins  Rain-bearing, 

Let  us  go  to  the  radiant 

Country  of  Pallas, 

Of  Heroes  daring. 

Of  Cecrops  the  lovely  land  to  behoid, 

Of  the  awful  sacred  rites  untold. 

Where  the  mystic  shrine  .._ 
With  service  pious 
Is  opened  wide; 
And  gifts  most  rare, 
And  high-roofed  fanes 
With  images  holy, 
And  the  pomp  of  the  blessed  ones  are  there. 

"  And  service  and  festival  fair-crowned 
In  every  season  still  abound. 

"  And   the   Bacchic    mirth   as   the   Spring   ad- 
vances. 

And  the  heavy  murmuring 

Music  of  flutes, 
And  the  joy  of  the  sweet-resounding  dances." 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY  27 

Colonus  itself  is  incredible.  For  this  desolate 
hill  is  the  one  of  which  Sophocles  sang.  In  his  old 
age  the  poet  was  accused  of  imbecility,  and,  instead 
of  making  a  defence,  he  read  before  his  judges  the 
famous  ode  in  praise  of  his  birthplace,  thereby- 
giving  proof  that  his  fires  were  burning  undimmed. 

"  To  ^  the  fairest  spot  in  the  land,  oh  guest, 
Of  steeds  of  goodly  training. 
Thou    art    come,    to    Colonus    the    gleaming- 
white. 
Where  the  nightingale,  loud  complaining, 

"  With  wail  incessant  doth  fill  the  grove, 
In  the  verdant  coppice  hidden. 
Where  the  ivy  dark  is  her  haunting-place, 
f        And  the  shrine  of  the  god,  forbidden 

"  To  mortal  footstep  —  the  leafy  shrine 
With  myriad  fruitage  teeming, 
Unshaken  by  breath  of  wildest  storm, 
Unscorched  by  the  sunlight  gleaming. 

"  There  the  reveller-god,  Dionysus,  oft 
In  the  midst  of  his  nymphs  attendant  — 
His  nurses  divine  —  doth  lead  the  dance, 
And  with  heavenly  dew  resplendent, 

iSoph.:  Oed.,  Col.,  668  fif. 


28  IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  Narcissus,  of  mightiest  Goddess- Pair 
The  chaplet  in  ancient  story, 
Its  lovely  clusters  each  passing  day 
Unfoldeth  in  constant  glory. 

"  And  golden  gleameth  the  crocus  bright, 
Nor  ever  the  Springs  unsleeping 
Which  feed  the  streams  of  Cephisus  fail, 
In  their  task  through  the  meadows  creeping. 

"  But  still  unstinted  from  day  to  day 
O'er  the  land's  broad  bosom  streaming. 
The  river  poureth  its  stainless  flood 
With  swiftest  foison  teeming. 

"  Nor  the  holy  band  of  the  Muses  nine, 
As  they  ply  their  mystic  dancing, 
Nor  Aphrodite  the  golden-reined 
Avoid  the  spot  entrancing." 

It  was  at  this  blessed  place  that  weary  Oedipus 
heard  the  voice  which  bade  him  rest  at  last  from  his 
long  sorrow,  and  here  the  exile  found  peace. 

Messenger:  "  But  ^  when  he  came  to  where  the  path 

descends, 
With  brazen  pavement  rooted  in  the  earth 
He  stayed  at  one  of  many  parted  ways, 

^  Soph.:  Oed.,  Col.,  1590  fif. 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY  29 

Near  to  a  hollow,  where  Pirithoiis 
And  Theseus  made  their  ever-faithful  league. 
Halting  'twixt  this  and  the  Thorician  Rock, 
Beside  the  Hollow  Sloe  and  stony  vault. 
He  sat  him  down,  and  loosed  his  squalid  robes. 
And,  calUng  to  his  daughters,  bade  them  fetch 
Baths  and  Ubations  from  some  running  stream. 
But  they  their  sire's  behest  fulfiUing,  cHmbed 
Verdant  Demeter's  hill  of  prospect  wide. 
And  in  brief  time  the  water  fetched,  and  washed, 
And  with  fresh  garments  clothed  him,  as  is  wont. 
And  when  the  task  was  done  to  his  content. 
And  naught  remained  undone  that  he  desired, 
Zeus  of  the  nether  world  loud  thundered  —  they, 
The  maidens,  shuddered  when  they  heard,  and  wept. 
And,  falling  at  their  father's  knees,  they  spared 
Nor  rendings  of  the  breast,  nor  wailings  long. 
But  straightway  he,  hearing  the  bitter  cry. 
Folding  his  arms  about  them,  spake  to  them: 
'Children,  ye  have  this  day  no  father  more. 
For  lo,  my  time  hath  all  run  out,  and  ye 
No  more  shall  ply  your  toilsome  ministry. 
Hard  task  I  know,  my  children,  but  one  word 
Alone  redeems  the  whole  of  this  your  toil. 
For  dearer  love  from  no  man  have  ye  had 
Than  from  your  father,  and,  of  this  bereft. 
Ye  now  must  pass  the  remnant  of  your  lives.' 
With  words  like  these,  and  mutual  embrace 
Sobbing,  they  wept  together  till  they  reached 


30       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

An  end  of  wailing,  and  their  crying  ceased. 

A  silence  fell,  when  suddenly  a  Voice 

Of  one  who  summoned  him,  —  the  hair  of  all 

Erect  with  terror  stood,  for  sudden  fright. 

The  god  had  called  him,  called  and  called  again: 

'  Oedipus,  Oedipus,  wherefore  Ungerest 

In  thy  departure?      Long  hast  thou  delayed.' 

Then  he,  well  knowing  'twas  the  god  who  called. 

Bade  summon  Theseus,  ruler  of  the  land. 

And  when  he  came, '  Oh  dearest  life,'   he  said, 

*  Give  me  thy  hand  in  pledge  of  lasting  faith 

To  these  my  daughters  —  ye  to  him  —  and  vow 
Ne'er  to  forsake  them  willingly,  but  aye 
Vouchsafe  such  boon  as  thy  kind  purpose  will.' 
But  he,  as  gentle  knight,  without  delay 
Promised  by  oath  to  do  his  guest's  command. 
And  when  he  promised,  straightway  Oedipus 
Stroking  with  feeble  hand  his  daughters,  spake: 

*  Oh  children,  it  beseems  the  noble  heart 

To  bear  this  grief,  depart  then  from  this  place, 
Nor  seek  to  hear  or  see  what  heaven  forbids. 
But  go  with  speed,  let  only  Theseus  bide, 
The  Sovereign,  to  behold  what  comes  to  pass.' 
These  words  he  ul^tered,  as  we  all  could  hear, 
And,  with  a  copious  flow  of  tears,  the  maids 
With  loud  lament  were  led  away,  but  when, 
Brief  time  elapsing,  we  returned,  we  saw 
The  man  no  longer  present,  but  the  king 
Shading  his  eyes,  with  hand  before  his  face, 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY         31 

As  if  some  dreadful  vision  had  appeared, 
And  one  no  man  could  bear  to  look  upon. 
After  a  little  then  —  in  no  long  time  — 
We  see  him  do  obeisance  to  the  Earth, 
And  to  Divine  Olympus,  in  one  prayer. 
But  by  what  fate  the  stranger  perished,  none 
Of  men,  save  Theseus  only,  could  reveal. 
For  'twas  no  fire-bearing  bolt  from  God 
That  ended  him,  no  blast  from  Ocean  driven. 
But  either  Heaven-sent  guide  conducted  him. 
Or  Earth's  foundation  gaped  with  kind  intent, 
And  took  him  to  the  world  below  unharmed. 
For,  not  with  groaning,  nor  disease,  nor  pain, 
The  man  departed;  but  of  human  kind 
The  most  to  be  revered,  —  and  if  my  words 
To  some  seem  madness  I  shall  make  no  plea 
To  be  beUeved  of  those  who  deem  me  mad." 

The  distance  is  not  great  from  Colonus  to  the 
bridge  which  crosses  the  Cephisus  at  the  pretty 
village  of  Golocythu,  whence  one  can  return  to 
Athens  by  tram.  It  is  far  preferable,  however, 
to  turn  aside  and  wander  along  the  river-bank, 
beneath  the  famous  olives,  till  the  Sacred  Way  is 
reached,  and  the  cypresses  guide  one  cityward. 
This  is  the  precinct  of  Academus,  and  here  we  hold 
communion  with  Plato  and  his  band  of  intelligent, 
high-souled  Athenian  Youth. 

When    Plato   was    sojourning   at   the    court   of 


32         IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Dionysius,  Tyrant  of  Syracuse,  the  liberality  of  his 
views  once  enraged  the  despot  to  such  an  extent 
that  he  caused  the  philosopher  to  be  seized  and  sold 
into  slavery.  He  was  ransomed  by  a  friend  at  an 
unusually  high  price,  and  on  his  return  to  Athens, 
the  city  offered  to  reimburse  the  friend.  The  offer 
was  refused,  and  the  city  then  voted  to  use  the 
money  in  purchasing  the  plot  of  ground  destined  to 
be  immortalized  under  the  name  of  the  Academy. 

The  plot  of  ground  was  already  famous.  When  the 
Dioscuri  came  to  Attica  to  rescue  their  sister  Helen 
—  whom  Theseus  had  carried  off  —  an  old  man, 
named  Academus,  revealed  to  them  her  place  of 
concealment.  Whenever,  therefore,  in  later  times 
the  Spartans  invaded  Attica,  they  spared  his  farm — 
the  later  Academy  —  in  gratitude  for  the  informa- 
tion. The  Tyrant  Hipparchus  founded  here  the 
famous  open  air  gymnasium  wherein  the  youth  of 
Athens  might  ^  descend  to  the  Academy  and  run 
races  beneath  the  Moriae  ^  "  crowned  with  white 
reed,  amid  temperate  companions,  smelling  of  smilax 
and  of  leisure  and  of  the  leaf-shedding  poplar, 
rejoicing  in  the  season  of  spring,  when  the  plane 
tree  whispers  to  the  elm.'* 

As  one  walks  beside  the  Cephisus  in  the  shade  of 

^  Aristoph.:  Clouds,  1005  ff. 

'  These  were  sacred  olive  trees,  offshoots  of  the  tree  planted 
on  the  Acropolis  by  Athene.  They  belonged  to  the  nation, 
and  were  under  the  care  of  the  court  of  the  Areopagus. 


COLONUS  AND  THE  ACADEMY         33 

the  olives,  one  seems  to  hear  the  words  of  Plato, 
as  he  reasoned  with  his  youthful  friends,  concerning 
Justice,  Courage,  Temperance,  and  Immortality. 

"  And  ^  thus,  oh  Glaucon,  was  the  mystic  tale 
preserved  and  perished  not;  and  it  will  save  us  too 
if  we  obey  it,  and  we  shall  safely  pass  the  stream 
of  Lethe  and  keep  our  souls  unstained.  But  if  we 
follow  that  which  I  counsel,  and  believe  the  soul 
immortal  and  able  to  bear  all  woe  and  all  weal, 
we  shall  ever  cleave  to  the  upward  road^  and 
practise  Justice  with  understanding. '^ 

The  air  was  sweet  with  the  early  spring  flowers. 
Far  in  front  rose  the  Acropolis  fortress  sharp  cut 
in  the  transparent  air  against  the  dark  background 
of  Hymettus. 

"  Happy  ^  iadays  of  old  Erechtheus'  sons; 
Children  of  blessed  gods  were  they. 
Glorious  wisdom's  fruit  they  ever  reaped 
From  fatherland  inviolate. 

"  Ever  they  proudly  trod  through  clearest  ether, 
Where  once  Harmonia,  golden-haired. 
Brought  forth  the  Holy  Nine, 
The  Muses  of  Pieria. 

*  Plato:  Republic,  end. 
'  Described  in  the  vision. 
» Eurip.:^edea,  824  fif. 


34       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  They  sing  the  Cyprian  Goddess  how  she  drew 
Streams  from  Cephisus  flowing-fair, 
And  sent  to  breathe  forth  o'er  the  land 
Swift-blowing,  moderate  breezes  of  the  winds. 

"  And  as  she  casts  upon  her  locks 
Garlands  of  roses  odorous. 
On  Mortals  she  bestows 
Loves  that  abide  with  Wisdom,  furthering 
All  deeds  of  goodness  ever." 


CHAPTER    III 

ELEUSIS 

We  made  the  journey  to  Eleusis  by  train.  The 
line  runs  by  a  circuitous  way  to  the  northward 
of  Aegaleos  which  separates  the  Thriasian  Plain 
from  the  rest  of  Attica.  It  was  a  bright  morning 
of  early  spring  and  the  fruit  trees  were  in  full  bloom. 
The  finest  orchards  were  in  the  township  of  Achar- 
nae,  the  sufferings  of  whose  inhabitants  in  the 
Peloponnesian  War  are  immortalized  by  Aristoph- 
anes. 

Phyle,  with  its  memories  of  Thrasybulus,  the  Lib- 
erator, was  not  far  to  our  right,  and  we  could  see 
near  the  top  of  the  mountain  pass  the  remains  of  a 
rough  stone  wall  running  north  and  south.  This 
was  built  by  the  Athenians  as  a  defence  against  the 
Spartans  in  the  beginning  of  the  Peloponnesian 
War. 

The  train  began  to  go  faster  and  faster,  and 
rushed  down  through  a  region  of  barren  rocks  and 
dwarf  pines  into  the  pleasant  Thriasian  Plain. 

The  Plain  was  covered  with  olive  groves,  and 
carpeted   with   anemones   of   every   colour.     This 

36 


36       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

region  must  have  been  indeed  tempting  to  the 
ravages  of  King  Archidamus  in  the  first  years  of  the 
war,  when  the  Spartan  miUtary  operations  began 
each  spring  with  the  destruction  of  the  crops  of 
this  the  most  fertile  plain  of  Attica;  and  naturally 
it  is  fertile;  for  the  Rarian  fields  near  the  town  of 
Eleusis  were  sown  with  corn  under  the  direction 
of  the  Great  Earth  Mother  herself. 

We  sped  through  the  plain  and  approached  the 
shore.  The  Bay  of  Salamis  was  like  a  mirror.  It  is 
here  practically  a  lake,  with  narrow  passages  east 
and  west  past  the  spur  of  Aegaleos  on  one  side 
and  the  cape  from  which  rises  the  hill  of  the  Kerata  ^ 
on  the  other.  Salamis  appeared  to  be  of  entirely 
different  shape  from  that  with  which  we  had  be- 
come familiar  looking  from  the  Athenian  Acropolis 
or  from  Aegina.  The  island  really  stretches  nearly 
as  far  from  east  to  west  as  from  north  to  south, 
and  is  much  larger  than  one  would  suppose.  From 
Athens,  one  mentally  pictures  it  as  terminating 
opposite  Piraeus,  and  the  view  of  it  as  one  emerges 
into  the  Thriasian  Plain  is  a  beautiful  surprise. 
The  sharp  mountain  tops  were  reflected  in  the 
glassy  waters  of  the  Bay,  and  the  picturesque  fishing 
boats  from  the  island  with  their  lateen  sails  added 
a  touch  of  life  to  the  somewhat  lonely  scene. 
At  the  western  end  of    the   plain,    where    it    is 

*  The  name  of  "  The  Horns  "  is  well  chosen. 


ELEUSIS  37 


limited  by  the  bay  and  the  Kerata,  was  our  goal 
Eleusis. 

Eleusis  received  its  name  from  the  Advent  of  the 
mighty  Goddesses.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  Aeschy- 
lus and  the  home  of  the  Sacred  Mysteries  which 
played  such  a  wonderful  part  in  the  spiritual  life 
of  the  Athenians  from  the  earliest  times  down  to 
the  sad  epoch  when  all  the  glory  had  departed 
from  Greece.  Cicero/,  himself  an  Initiate,  could 
still  say  of  them  that:-"  In  the  Mysteries,  we  per- 
ceive the  real  principles  of  Ufe,  and  learn  not  only 
to  live  happily,  but  to  die  with  a  fairer  hope."  Long 
after  Christianity  began  to  make  its  way,  the  rites 
of  Eleusis  survived;  and  it  was  not  till  395  a.  d. 
that  the  splendid  buildings  were  thrown  down,  at  the 
prompting,  it  is  said,  of  the  fanatical  monks  in  the 
army  of  Alaric.  The  orator  Aristides  bewails  the 
fury  which  destroyed  the  shrines.  "  They  alone 
still  stood  as  a  memorial  of  the  old  glory  and  dignity, 
for  Athens  and  for  all  Greece." 

Pindar  ^  says  of  them: 

"  Blessed  is  he  who,  after  beholding  them. 
Beneath  the  Earth  departeth. 
For  he  knoweth  the  end  of  Life; 
Knoweth  too  its  God-given  beginning." 


» Cicero:  De  Leg.,  ii.  14.  36. 
'Pindar:  Thren.,  8. 


38       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Sophocles:  ^ 

"  Would  I  might  be  — 

By  the  gleaming  shore,      - 

Where  the  Queenly  Ones  do  cherish 

The  holy  mysteries  for  men; 

Concerning  which  a  golden  key 
Is  laid  on  lips  of  ministering  Eumolpidae." 

Aristophanes:^ 

"  Advance  ye  now 
Through  the  Goddesses'  sacred  circle, 
Through  the  flowery  grove  in  mirthful  sport. 
Ye  who  have  share  in  the  heaven-loved  feast; 

And  I  with  these  maids  and  matrons  go, 
Where  they  vigil  keep  in  the  Goddesses'  honour, 
To  carry  my  holy  torch." 

"  Let  ^  us  go  to  the  flowery  meads 

O'ergrown  with  roses  fair, 

Keeping  our  mirthful  fashion 

Of  dances  beauteous; 
By  the  blessed  Fates  ordained. 
For  to  us  alone  is  the  light  of  the  sun  propitious, 
To  us  who  the  Mysteries  have  learned. 
And  a  righteous  life  have  led. 
Toward  citizen  and  stranger. 

»  Soph.:  Oed.  Col.  1049. 
'Aristoph.:  Frogs,  440. 
'Aristoph.:  Frogs,  324. 


ELEUSIS  39 


"  lacchus,  oh  thou  most  honoured,  here  dwelling 
on  thy  throne. 

lacchus,  oh  lacchus! 
Come  join  the  dance,  o'er  this  meadow,  join 

The  holy  revelling  band. 
Shaking  on  thy  head  the  fruitful  crown  of  myrtle; 
Treading  with  valiant  step 
The  unbridled  sportive  measure, 
Which  hath  full  portion  of  the  Graces,  — 
The  pure,  the  sacred  dance  of  the  holy  Mystae. 

Awake,   for  he  cometh  bearing  in  his  hand  the 
blazing  torches! 

lacchus,  oh  lacchus! 
Fire-bringing  star  of  our  rite  nocturnal. 
The  old  men's  Umbs  begin  to  dance. 
And  off  they  cast  the  cares  and  weary  days 
Of  lengthy  years; 
By  influence  of  the  holy  service; 
But  thou  with  blazing  torch  lead  forth 

Over  the  soft-flowering  field, 
The  blessed  band  of  dancing  youth." 

The  Propylaea  and  the  great  hall  of  the  Mysteries 
are  sadly  ruined,  but  of  much  interest  to  the  archae- 
ologist. The  great  hall  was  partly  the  work  of 
Ictinus,  the  architect  of  the  Parthenon,  and  the 
blue  Hmestone  known  as  the  Eleusinian  was  used 
largely  in  its  construction.    We  climbed  the  hill  on 


40       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

which  stood  the  citadel  used  as  a  refuge  in  the 
Revolution  of  403  b.  c,  and  on  the  way  down  we 
visited  the  little  museum  of  local  antiquities.  The 
collection  is  small  but  good.  The  same  is  true  of  the 
museums  of  many  small  towns  in  Greece,  and 
perhaps  one  enjoys  a  visit  to  such  a  museum  more 
than  to  one  of  the  fatiguing  and  bewildering  treasu- 
ries of  the  great  cities  of  the  world.  We  lunched  in 
the  grotto  of  Pluto,  where  it  is  thought  that  a 
representation  used  to  be  given  of  the  Resurrec- 
tion of  Proserpine  from  the  world'  below.  Here  we 
rested  for  an  hour  and  read  the  beautiful  Homeric 
hymn:  — ^ 

"  Fair-haired    Demeter    to    sing    I    begin  —  most 

reverend  goddess; 
Her  and  her  daughter  fair-ankled,  whom  once  the 

dread  ruler  of  Hades 
Rapt  —  and  deep-thundering  Zeus,  far-seeing,  had 

granted  permission  — 
Far  from  gold-sworded  Demeter,  the  goddess  of 

harvests  resplendent, 
While  with  her  comrades  she  played,  the  deep- 
bosomed  daughters  of  Ocean, 
Gathering  flowers,  the  rose,  and  the  crocus,  and 

violets  lovely 
Over  the  meadows  soft,  the  hyacinths  too  and  the 

iris, 
*  Homeric  Hymn,  Dem.,  1.  ff. 


ELEUSIS  41 


With  the  narcissus  which  Gaea,  as  snare  for  the 

flower-faced  maiden, 
Planted  by  counsel  of  Zeus,  the  Many-receiver  to 

favour. 
Wondrously  radiant  it  bloomed,  a  miracle  to  the 

beholders; 
Both  unto  mortal  men  and  unto  the  blessed  im- 
mortals. 
Out  from  its  root  there  grew  a  hundred  blossoming 

faces. 
Sweetest  odour  it  breathed,  and  all  the  wide  heaven 

above  it. 
All  the  Earth  laughed  with  delight,  and  the  billows 

salt  of  the  Ocean, , 
She  in  delighted  amaze  her  arms  stretched  forth 

for  the  plaything  — 
Lo,  before  her  the  Earth  yawned  wide,  and  opened 

a  chasm, 
Straight  through  the  Nysian  Plain,  and  forth  from  it 

Lord  Polydegmon 
Dashed   with    his   coursers   immortal,  the   many- 
named  scion  of  Cronos, 
Seizing  the  maid  unwilling,  away  in  his  chariot 

golden 
Bore  her  —  In  piercing  shriek  of  terror  her  voice  she 

uplifted, 
CaUing  on  Father  Cronides,  most  high  of  the  gods, 

most  holy. 


A 


42       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

But  of  immortals  none  to  the  cry  of  Persephone 
hearkened;  ^ 

Nay,  nor  of  mortal  men,  nor  even  the  rich-fruited 
olives. 

Only  Persaeus'  daughter  in  Ught-hearted  idleness 
playing,  y 

Hecate  radiant-stoled,  the  wild  cry  heard  from  her 
grotto. 

Hehos  heard  it  as  well,  Hyperion's  glorious  off- 
spring. 

Heard  the  girl  caUing  her  father  Cronides,  but  he 
far-abiding. 

Far  from  the  concourse  of  men  in  his  prayer- 
thronged  temple  was  sitting. 

Offerings  holy  and  fair  from  mankind  mortal  re- 
ceiving. 

Sore  then  against  her  will,  by  permission  of  Zeus 
he  conveyed  her. 

He  her  own  father's  brother.  Dictator,  Receiver 
of  many. 

Far  with  his  coursers  immortal,  the  many-named 
scion  of  Cronos. 

While  then  the  maiden  divine  the  earth  and  the 
firmament  starry 

Still  could  discern,  and  still  the  fish-teeming  current 
of  Ocean, 

Still  see  the  rays  of  the  Sun,  and  hope  her  reverend 
mother 


ELEUSIS  43 

1 (^ 


Once  more  to  greet,  and  the  troops  of  the  deities 

ever  existing,  — 
So  long  her  heart  was  beguiled  with  hope,  though 

broken  with  anguish. 
So  long  the  peaks  of  the  hills,  and  the  depths  of 

ocean  reechoed 
Loud  her  immortal  cry  —  and  her  reverend  mother 

heard  her. 
Then  sharp  anguish  clutched  her  heart  and  with 

quivering  fingers 
Wildly  she  tore  the  veil  which  covered  her  tresses 

ambrosial. 
Quickly  o'er  both  her  shoulders  she  flung  a  mantle 

of  sable; 
Then  like  a  bird  sped  forth  in  her  search  over  earth- 

and  ocean. 
Yet  to  reveal  the  truth  no  god  and  no  mortal  con- 
sented, 
Nor  from  the  omens  of  birds  true  messenger  came 

with  the  tidings. 
Nine  days  then  over  Earth,  with  blazing  torches  to 

guide  her 
Held  in  her  hands,  in  her  quest  the  queenly  Deo 

had  wandered. 
Ne'er  in  her  grief  she  consented  to  taste  the  im- 
mortal ambrosia, 
Ne'er  the  sweet  draught  of  the  nectar;  nor  suffered 

the  waters  to  bathe  her. 


44       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

»  

Now  when  the  tenth  bright  dawn  at  last  came  to 

visit  the  goddess,  ^ 

Hecate,  holding  her  torch,  came  to  meet  her  and 

thus  spake  tidings: 
'  Queenly  Demeter,  who  bringest  the  seasons  with 

splendid  abundance. 
Who  of  the  heavenly  gods,  or  who  of  mankind  can 

have  wronged  thee. 
Stealing  Perse^jhone  fair,  and  grieving  thy  spirit 

beloved? 
Lo,  I  have  heard  her  cry,  although  with  mine  eyes 

I  beheld  not 
Who  it  might  be;   so  I  come  to  tell  the  story  un- 
erring/ 
Thus  did  Hecate  speak,  but  the  daughter  of  fair- 
haired  Rhea 
Answered  her  not  a  word,  but  swiftly,  with  her  as 

companion. 
Darted  in  search  —  and  high  in  her  hand  the  torches 

upHfted. 
Hehos  first  they  sought,  the  watchman  of  gods  and 

of  mortals,: 
And,  by  his  chariot  standing,  the  goddess  divine 

made  question: 
*  HeUos,  show  me  compassion,  a  goddess  divine,  if 

I  ever 
Either  by  word  or  deed  thy  heart  and  thy   mind 

may  have  gladdened. 


ELEUSIS  45 


Lo  the  sweet  blossom  I  bore,  the  maiden  of  beauty 

enchanting, 
Hers  was  the  voice  of  lament  I  heard  through  the 

waste  of  the  Ether, 
As  of  one  ravished  away,  although  with  mine  eyes 

I  beheld  not. 
But,  for  that  thou  with  thy  rays  from  aloft  in  the 

heavenly  Ether, 
All  upon  Earth  and  Sea  beneath  thee  ever  be- 

holdest. 
Tell  me  the  truth  of  my  child,  if  anywhere  thou 

hast  perceived  her. 
Who  by  compulsion  hath  snatched  her  unwilling 

away  from  her  mother? 
Who  of  the  gods  immortal,  or  who  of  mankind  hath 

essayed  it? ' 
Thus   spake   Demeter  —  and   he,    Hyperion's   son 

made  answer; 
*  Daughter  of  fair-haired  Rhea,  Demeter,  oh  Sov- 
ereign Lady, 
This  shalt  thou  know,  for  greatly  I  reverence  thee 

and  I  pity. 
When  I  behold  thee  grieving  for  loss  of  thy  daughter 

fair-ankled. 
None  of  gods  else,  'tis  Zeus  Cloud-Gatherer  only 

is  guilty. 
To  his  own  brother,   to  Hades,   he  granted   the 

maiden,  to  call  her 


46       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Fair-blooming   bride   henceforth;    but  he,   to   the 

regions  of  darkness, 
Far  to  his  misty  realm,  bore  the  maid  in  his  chariot, 

shrieking/  " 

The  sun  god  strives  to  comfort  Demeter  by  dwell- 
ing on  the  glory  of  a  marriage  with  the  great  god  of 
the  world  below;  but  Demeter  refuses  to  listen,  and, 
departing  from  the  haunts  of  the  gods,  she  roams 
in  disguise  throughout  the  cities  and  haunts  of  men. 
At  last  she  reaches  Eleusis,  the  home  of  King 
Celeos. 

"  Then  by  the  wayside  sat,  her  heart  nigh  breaking 

with  anguish. 
Near  to  the  well  of  the  Maids,  where  the  townsfolk 

came  for  their  water, 
Sat  in  the  shade,  —  and  above  her  there  grew  a  fair 

bower  of  olive  — 
Like  to  an  ancient  dame  who  has  passed  the  season 

of  bearing, 
Henceforth  far  from  the  gifts  of  Lover-of-wreaths 

Aphrodite. 
Such  are  the  nurses  of  sons  of  kings,  who  administer 

justice, 
Such,  through  the  echoing  halls  of  their  palaces, 

house-keepers  stately. 
Her  then  beheld  the  daughters  of  Celeos,  son  of 

Eleusis, 


ELEUSIS  47 


Coming  to  fetch  the  water  fair-streaming,  that  so 

they  might  bear  it, 
Bear  it  in  buckets  of  bronze  to  the  house  of  their 

father  beloved. 
Goddesses  four  as  it  were,  fair  maidenhood's  flower 

possessing, 
Callidic6  and  Cleisidic^  and  Demo  the  lovely, 
CalUtho^  as  well,  the  eldest  of  all  the  sisters." 

The  ladies  fail  to  recognize  the  goddess,  but 
address  her  with  courtesy,  bidding  her  welcome  to 
the  palace.  She  answers  with  a  fictitious  tale  to  the 
effect  that  she  has  wandered  hither  in  flight  from 
a  band  of  pirates  who  carried  her  from  Crete.  Her 
name  is  Dos,  and  she  would  gladly  take  service 
in  the  palace  as  nurse  or  sempstress.  Callidic6 
answers  with  a  brief  account  of  the  royal  house, 
and  proposes  to  run  home  and  suggest  to  her  mother, 
Metaneira,  that  the  stranger  be  employed  as  nurse  for 
their  baby  brother. 

"  Thus  spake  the  maid.    The  goddess  assented,  — 

so  quickly  their  vessels 
Filled  with  the  sparkHng  water,  they  bare  to  the 

palace,  exulting. 
Quickly  the  house  of  their  father  they  reached,  and 

straight  to  the  mother 
All  they  had  heard  and  beheld  they  related.    She, 

without  pausing. 


48       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Bade  them  return  and  summon  the  stranger  at 

wages  unstinted. 
They,  as  the  youthful  deer  and  heifers  in  season 

of  Spring-time 
Over  the  meadows  leap,  with  pasture  their  hunger 

contenting, 
So  did  the  girls,  upholding  the  skirts  of  their  dresses 

enchanting, 
Dart  down  the  hollow  path  and  round  them  the 

hair  on  their  shoulders 
Tossed  as  they  ran,  resembUng  the  golden  bloom 

of  the  crocus." 

The  goddess  follows  them  to  the  palace,  where 
she  is  courteously  received.  She  sits  silent  and 
sorrowful,  till  at  last  the  jests  of  the  maid  lambe 
provoke  a  smile.  The  child  Demophoon  is  given 
into  her  charge,  and  thrives  "  hke  a  divinity," 
though  it  receives  no  mortal  food.  Demeter  anoints 
it  with  ambrosia,  and  at  night  buries  it  in  the  ashes 
of  the  hearth.  One  night  she  is  surprised  by  Me- 
taneira,  who  shrieks  and  protests.  The  goddess 
in  disgust  declares  that  the  process  of  rendering  the 
child  immortal  has  been  interrupted;  but  she 
consents  to  promise  him  all  earthly  blessings, 
because  he  has  slept  in  the  arms  of  the  mighty 
goddess  whom  she  now  confesses  herself  to  be. 
Meanwhile  the  poor  child  is  lying  neglected  on  the 
floor. 


ELEUSIS  49 


"  Then  ^  was  the  pitiful  cry  of  the  infant  heard  by 

the  sisters. 
Down  from  their  well-spread  couches  they  leaped, 

and  one  of  the  maidens, 
Taking  the  babe  in  her  arms,  did  soothe  it  to  rest 

in  her  bosom. 
Kindled  a  fire  a  second,  and,  forth  from  the  sweet- 
scented  chamber. 
Hastened  on  delicate  feet  a  third  in  quest  of  her 

mother. 
Gathered  about  him  they  bathed  him,  and  coaxed 

him  all  helplessly  gasping. 
Ah,  but  the  heart  of  the  child  refused  to  be  won  by 

their  petting, 
Far  less  skilful  the  nurses  who  tended  him  now  and 

caressed  him! '' 

In  the  morning  the  king  gave  instructions  to 
build  a  temple  as  commanded  by  the  goddess. 
Therein  she  dwelled  a  whole  year  far  from  the 
blessed  gods,  "  pining  with  longing  for  her  slim- 
waisted  daughter."  A  dreadful  famine  visited  the 
earth,  until  Zeus,  in  apprehension  lest  the  race 
of  men  perish  utterly,  sent  Iris  to  Eleusis  to  entreat 
the  goddess  to  come  forth  from  her  seclusion. 
Demeter  remained  obdurate,  and  at  last  Hermes 
was  despatched  to  Hades.  Permission  was  granted 
Proserpine    to  return  to  her  mother;    but  Pluto 

» Line  284. 


50        IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

craftily  induced  her  to  eat  a  few  seeds  of  pome- 
granate, "  that  she  might  not  remain  all  her  days 
beside  the  reverend  dark-robed  Demeter." 

"  Then  ^  she  mounted  the  car,  and  beside  her  the 

Slayer  of  Argus, 
Seizing  the  reins  and  the  goad,  sped  forth  from  the 

palace  of  Hades. 
On  dashed   the   coursers   eager,   and   quickly   the 

journey  accomplished. 
Nor  could  the  sea,  nor  waters  of  rivers,  nor  grass- 
covered  valley. 
Stay  the  rush  of  the  horses  immortal,  nor  rocks  of 

the  mountains. 
Over  them  all  in  their  flight  they  cut  the  deep  air 

as  they  hastened. 
Halting  at  last  where  she,  Demeter,  their  coming 

awaited, 
Seated  in  front  of  her  temple  all  sweet  with  the 

odour  of  incense. 
When  she  beheld  her  daughter,  she  dashed  like  a 

Maenad  to  meet  her. 
As  it  had  been  a  Maenad  o'er  mountain  dark  with 

the  forest. 
But  when  Persephone  saw  the  beauteous  eyes  of 

her  mother, 
Down  from  the  chariot  leaping,  she  ran,  and  with 

tender  embraces 

» Line  377. 


ELEUSIS  51 


Fell  on  her  neck;  —  but  the  goddess,  while  yet  her 
arms  were  about  her, 

Boded  some  crafty  deceit,  and  terribly  fell  she  to 
trembling  — 

All  the  endearments  were  checked,  and  quickly 
her  daughter  she  questioned: 

'  Child,  hast  thou  tasted  of  food  in  the  region  below 
abiding? 

Speak,  nor  the  truth  conceal,  that  we  both  may 
know  it  together. 

So  mayest  thou  forsake  the  loathed  kingdom  of 
Hades 

Dwelling  with  me  and  thy  father  the  cloud-wrapped 
offspring  of  Cronos, 

Henceforth  held  in  esteem  of  all  the  blessed  Im- 
mortals. 

But  if  it  prove  thou  hast  eaten,  to  earth's  dread 
caverns  returning, 

All  the  third  part  of  the  year  henceforth  thou  art 
doomed  to  abide  there. 

Dwelling  by  me  for  the  rest,  and  among  the  other 
Immortals. 

Then,  when  the  Earth  shall  bloom  with  sweet- 
smelling  flowers  of  Spring-time, 

Forth  from  the  misty  gloom  of  the  regions  of  dark- 
ness infernal, 

Once  more  a  marvel  mighty,  thou  risest  to  men  and 
Immortals/  " 


52       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Proserpine  confesses  that  her  husband  has  con- 
strained her  to  eat  of  the  pomegranate,  and  de- 
scribes the  event  of  her  carrying  off.  Mother  and 
daughter  converse  a  long  time  with  mutual  satis- 
faction, and  Zeus  requests  Rhea  to  descend  to  the 
Rarian  Plain,  and  to  ratify  in  his  name  the  compact 
by  which  Demeter  is  to  return  to  the  converse  of  the 
gods,  and  to  enjoy  the  society  of  her  daughter  for 
eight  months  in  the  year.  Rhea  c^arries  the  mes- 
sage, and  Demeter  consents. 

''  Quickly  ^  she  caused  to  spring  the  fruits  of  the 

deep-soiled  pastures, 
All  the  broad  Earth  was  covered  with  leaves  and 

blossoming  flowers. 
Then  to  Triptolemus  King,  and  Diodes  smiter  of 

horses, 
Mighty  Eumolpus  as  well,  and  to  Celeos,  Lord  of  the 

people. 
Showed  she  the  doing  of  rites,  and  the  mystical 

orgies'  performance. 
Mysteries  holy  no  mortal  may  violate,  mysteries 

secret 
None  may  divulge  —  the  awe  of  the  gods  the  speaker 

constraineth.  — 
Blessed  is  he  who  hath  seen,  oh  blessed  of  Earth- 
dwelling  mortals! 

» line  471. 


ELEUSIS  53 


He  who  the  rites  knoweth  not,  who  hath  missed 

them,  shall  destiny  never 
Bless  with  his  fellows  —  but  lost  he  abides  in  the 

gloom  and  the  darkness/' 

We  saw  the  well  of  Callichorus  —  Fair  Dances  — 
whence  the  daughters  of  King  Celeos  were  wont 
to  draw  water,  and  where  they  met  the  Awful 
Dame  as  she  sat  wearied  and  comfortless.  Here, 
before  temples  and  halls  existed  for  the  formal 
celebration  of  the  rites,  they  danced  and  sang  in 
honour  of  the  goddess: 

"  He  1  shall  see. 
Beside  the  fountain  of  CaUichorus, 
The  torch  that  witnesseth  the  holy  eikad  ^ 

By  night  his  vigil  keeping. 
When  too  the  star-eyed  ether  of  Zeus 
Joineth  in  the  sacred  dance, 

Danceth  too  the  moon, 
And  Nereus'  fifty  daughters. 
Who  weaving  their  steps  through  Ocean's  halls 
And  eddyings  of  rivers  ever-flowing. 
With  their  dances  celebrate 
The  gold-crowned  maid 
And  the  holy  mother  dread." 

*Eurip.:  Ion,  1075. 

'The  20th  Boedromion,  the  night  of  the  march  from 
Athens. 


54       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

It  was  now  time  to  return  to  Athens,  so  we 
mounted  our  wheels  and  proceeded  along  the  Sacred 
Way.  Clouds  had  gathered,  and  the  placid  waters 
of  the  bay  on  our  right  had  become  ruffled  by  a 
rising  wind,  which  made  progress  slow  as  we  swept 
round  the  curve  where  the  road  bends  at  the  Rheitoi 
to  enter  the  pass  of  Daphne. 

The  Rheitoi  are  large  pools  of  salt  water,  the  fish 
of  which  were  reserved  exclusivel}  for  the  Priests 
of  the  Goddesses.  The  ancients  fancied  that  these 
lakes  derived  their  waters  from  the  Euboean  straits, 
through  a  channel  flowing  under  Attica.  The 
Rheitoi  formerly  marked  the  boundary  between 
the  domains  of  Athens  and  those  of  Eleusis  when 
the  latter  was  an  independent  state;  and  near  by 
was  the  monument  of  Eumolpus,  ancestor  of  the 
priestly  family  of  Eleusis. 

Eumolpus  came  from  Thrace.  He  was  the  son 
of  Poseidon  and  Chione  —  the  snow  —  and  grand- 
son of  Boreas,  the  North  Wind,  and  of  Oreithyia  — 
her  who  rushes  madly  over  the  mountains.  After 
the  fight  between  Eumolpus  and  Erechtheus,  King 
of  Athens,  Eleusis  became  subject  to  the  greater 
city,  while  Eumolpus  obtained  the  office  of  high 
priest  of  the  Mysteries.  Such  is  the  story  told  by 
Pausanias.  ApoUodorus  says  Eumolpus  was  slain; 
for  the  oracle  revealed  to  Erechtheus  that  he  would 
be  victorious  if  he  would  sacrifice  his  daughter. 
He  slew  the  youngest,  Chthonia,  whereupon   her 


ELEUSIS  55 


sisters  slew  themselves.  A  fragment  from  the  lost 
Erechtheus  of  Euripides  gives  the  words  in  which 
Praxithea,  wife  of  Erechtheus,  devotes  her  child  to 
death.  "  In  stout-hearted  wise,  not  unworthy  of  her 
city  and  of  being  daughter  of  Cephisus." 

"  But  ^  I  will  give  my  daughter  dear  to  death. 
And  many  things  I  ponder  —  first  the  State. 
A  better  one  than  this  no  man  can  find. 
Where,  first,  the  people  come  not  from  abroad, 
But  from  the  soil  we  spring,  while  other  states, 
Founded  as  if  by  random  fall  of  dice. 
Are  filled  with  immigrants  from  divers  lands. 
Now  he  who  goes  from  one  State  to  another 
Like  some  ill-fitting  joint  in  carpentry 
In  name's  a  citizen,  but  in  deed  not  so. 
And  then  'tis  for  this  end  we  children  bear, 
That  we  may  guard  our  land  and  altars  safe.  .  .  . 
Now  if  at  home  instead  of  sheaf  of  girls, 
A  male  crop  flourished,  and  the  blaze  of  war 
Assailed  the  State,  should  I  not  send  them  forth 
To  war,  because  forsooth  I  feared  for  them?  .  .  . 
But  when  a  mother's  tears  speed  forth  her  sons, 
They  oft  make  soft  the  hearts  attuned  for  fight. 
I  hate  those  women  who  prefer  mere  life 
For  their  own  children,  rather  than  the  Right; 
So  counsel  ill  —  and  more,  when  men  in  war 
Fall  amid  many,  they  a  common  tomb 

»Eurip.:   Frag.,  362. 


56       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

And  glory  shared  attain,  while  her,  my  child, 
Dying  alone,  alone  the  State  shall  crown, 
And  me  and  her  two  sisters  she  shall  save. 
What  of  all  this  is  not  a  precious  boon? 
Her  who  is  no  wise  mine,  save  by  mere  birth, 
I  sacrifice  for  fatherland;  for  if 
The  city  fall,  what  portion  will  remain 
To  me  of  offspring?    Thus  my  duty  done, 
Others  may  rule,  but  I  shall  save  ohe  State. 
And  this  —  whereof  the  greatest  share  to  all 
In  common  is  —  no  man,  with  my  consent, 
Our  ancient  laws  ancestral  shall  o'erthrow. 
Nor,  for  the  OUve  and  the  Gorgon  gold. 
The  Trident  stand  upon  our  fortress,  crowned 
By  King  Eumolpus  and  the  Thracian  horde, 
And  Pallas  nowhere  held  in  reverence  .  .  . 
Oh  Country,  would  that  all  who  in  thee  live. 
Might  love  thee  e'en  as  I;  then  should  we  dwell 
In  safety,  and  no  harm  should'st  thou  endure!  " 

Swinburne's  Erechtheus  *  contains  a  paraphrase 
of  this  fragment  of  Euripides.  His  beautiful  poem 
is  one  of  the  most  essentially  Euripidean  plays  in 
existence.  Through  the  whole  speech  of  Praxithea, 
we  hear  an  echo  of  the  conflict  for  the  land  of 
Attica  between  Athene  and  Poseidon,  as  it  is 
depicted  on  the  western  pediment  of  the  Par- 
thenon. 

^  495  ff . 


ELEUSIS  57 


As  the  road  began  to  rise  at  the  entrance  of  the 
pass  of  Daphne,  we  dismounted  and  turned  to  look 
westward  for  a  parting  view  of  the  bay  and  plain. 
Far  in  the  distance  we  could  see  the  long  ridge  of 
legend-haunted  Cithaeron,  and  south  of  it,  the 
rounded  mass  of  Geraneia.  Our  thoughts  turned 
to  the  solemn  hour  when,  after  the  Athenians  took 
refuge  in  Salamis,  and  the  Attic  land  was  ravaged, 
Dicaeus  and  Demaratus,  Athenian  and  Spartan 
exiles  high  in  honour  at  the  Persian  court,  found 
themselves  "  In  ^  the  Thriasian  Plain,  when  they 
beheld  a  cloud  of  dust  moving  from  Eleusis,  as  it 
were  of  three  myriads  of  men.  And  they  won- 
dered at  the  dust-cloud,  from  what  men  it  rose; 
when  straightway  they  heard  a  voice,  and  the  voice 
seemed  to  them  to  be  that  of  the  mystic  lacchus. 
Now  Demaratus  was  unskilled  in  the  rites  which  are 
celebrated  at  Eleusis  and  asked  Dicaeus  what  this 
sound  might  be.  Dicaeus  replied:  '  Oh  Demaratus, 
it  is  not  possible  but  that  some  mischief  is  in  store 
for  the  army  of  the  king.  For  this  is  clear  that, 
now  that  Attica  is  deserted,  this  which  makes  the 
sound  is  something  divine  advancing  from  Eleusis, 
to  take  vengeance  in  behalf  of  the  Athenians  and 
their  allies.  And  if  the  cloud  light  on  the  Pelopon- 
nesus, there  is  danger  at  hand  for  the  king  and  his 
army  on  the  land;  but  if  it  turn  to  the  ships  in 
Salamis,  the  king  will  be  in  danger  of  losing  his  naval 

*  Herod,  viii.  5. 


58       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

host.  And  the  Athenians  keep  this  festival  yearly 
in  honour  of  the  Mother  and  the  Maid,  and  he  who 
wills,  of  the  Athenians  or  of  other  Greeks,  is  initiated. 
And  the  sound  thou  hearest  is  the  lacchic  cry  they 
raise  at  the  festival.'  To  this  Demaratus  answered: 
*  Be  silent,  and  tell  this  tale  to  no  man  else.  For  if 
these  words  be  carried  to  the  king,  thou  shalt  surely 
lose  thy  head,  and  I  shall  not  be  able  to  save  thee, 
nor  any  other  of  mankind.  But  keep  silence,  and 
the  gods  will  provide  for  the  army.'  Such  was  his 
advice,  and  from  the  dust  and  the  voice  arose  a 
cloud  which  floated  toward  Salamis  to  the  host 
of  the  Greeks.  So  they  learned  that  the  army  of 
Xerxes  was  destined  to  perish." 

As  we  climbed  the  pass,  we  noticed  the  deep  ruts 
worn  in  the  rocky  Sacred  Way  by  the  wheels  of 
centuries.  On  the  left  is  the  ancient  sanctuary  of 
Aphrodite  with  its  innumerable  niches  for  votive 
offerings.  We  could  fancy  the  processions  pouring 
through  the  pass,  the  light  of  their  torches  "  all 
night  long  "  reflected  from  the  rocks  on  either  side. 
At  last  we  reached  the  monastery  and  church  at 
the  top  of  the  pass,  and  remounted  for  the  long 
descent  to  the  olive-planted  plain  of  the  Cephisus. 
Athens  burst  upon  our  view  illuminated  by  a  west- 
ern sun,  and  after  a  descent  of  more  than  a  mile,  we 
reached  level  ground  and  the  famous  crossing  of 
the  Cephisus.  This  was  the  scene  of  the  "  Gephy- 
rismoi "  or  Bridge-jokes  which  formed  a  feature 


ELEUSIS  59 


of  the  sacred  processions,  recalling  the  jests  of  the 
maid  Iamb6  which  first  evoked  smiles  from  the 
broken-hearted  mother. 

From  the  bridge  to  Athens,  the  way  led  us  past 
the  Botanical  Gardens,  and  we  entered  the  city 
near  the  Dipylon. 


CHAPTER   IV 

AEGINA 

On  a  bright  morning  in  early  March,  we  em- 
barked at  the  Piraeus  on  the  small  steamer  Argo 
for  her  first  trip  of  the  season.  A  stiff  Norther  was 
blowing,  and  the  snow-white  clouds,  sailing  across 
the  blue  of  the  sky,  were  repeated  in  the  white  caps 
of  the  still  bluer  sea.  The  little  steamer  sailed  out 
of  the  quiet  harbour,  past  the  headland  of  Munychia, 
and  soon  was  in  the  tumbling  sea  of  the  Saronic 
Gulf.  As  she  "  ran  over  the  billows  accomplishing 
her  course,'^  the  three  mountains  which  curtain  the 
Attic  Plain  receded,  and  the  Peloponnesian  shore 
grew  more  and  more  distinct.  Across  our  bow 
passed  a  tossing  brig  bound  seaward  with  all  her 
sails  set  and  filled  by  the  blasts  which  swept  down 
from  Parnes.  Here  and  there  tiny  fishing  boats 
could  be  seen  with  gunwales  awash,  their  crews 
often  consisting  only  of  an  old  man  and  a  boy. 
Salamis  lay  to  our  right,  its  central  mountain  rising 
sharply  in  the  background,  while  its  coast  stretched 
low,  hard,  and  utterly  barren. 

As  the  Island  dropped  astern,  we  read  the  account 
60 


AEGINA  61 


of  the  battle  of  Salamis  from  the  Persians  of  Aeschy- 
lus: 

Messenger:  ^  "  The  Gods  preserve  the  goddess  Pallas' 
town." 

Atossa:  "  Then  is  the  Athenians'  city  still  un- 
spoiled? " 

Messenger:  "  For  so  her  men  live,  safe  her  walls 
abide." 

Atossa:  "  But  how  began  the  conflict  of  the  ships? 
Who  first  adventured,  was  it  Greeks,  the  fray, 
Or,  boasting  of  his  myriad  ships,  my  son?  " 

Messenger:  "  Mistress,  the  spring  of  all  this  misery 
Was  some  Avenger  or  some  angry  God. 
For,  from  the  Athenian  host  a  Greek  arrived. 
And  to  thy  son.  King  Xerxes,  tidings  spake: 
To  wit,  that  if  night's  blackness  should  arrive. 
The  Greeks  would  stay  not,  but  upon  their  decks 
Leaping  in  panic,  seek  their  Uves  to  save 
By  secret  flight,  one  here,  one  there  afar. 
Now  Xerxes  heard,  yet,  marking  not  the  trick 
Of  Greek  informer,  nor  ill-will  of  Heaven, 
To  all  his  captains  proclamation  makes: 
When  HeUos  lighting  with  his  rays  the  Earth 
Shall  cease,  and  gloom  the  Ether's  temple  hold, 
To  range  the  throng  of  ships  in  triple  lines 
To  guard  all  exits  and  the  seaward  paths; 
1  Aeschylus:  Pers.,  349  ff. 


62       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Others  he  bade  round  Ajax'  Isle  to  wheel; 
For  if  the  Grecians  should  escape  their  doom 
By  finding  hidden  loophole  for  their  ships, 
Beheading  was  to  all  the  stern  decree. 
So  much  he  spake  with  heart  too  much  at  ease. 
For  naught  of  Heaven's  decree  he  understood. 
But  they,  in  order  due  and  discipUne, 
Made  ready  supper,  and  each  sailor  skilled 
Looked  to  his  oars,  his  tholes,  and  all  his  gear. 
But  when  the  light  of  sun  had  passed  away 
And  night  approached,  each  master  of  the  oar, 
Each  warder  of  the  tackle  took  his  post, 
And  rank  to  rank  of  warships  cried  the  word. 
And  as  to  each  the  post  had  been  assigned. 
They  sailed,  and  all  night  long  the  captains  kept 
Manoeuvring  the  entire  naval  host. 
And  night  advanced,  nor  yet  a  Grecian  ship 
Had  anywhere  attempted  secret  flight. 
But  when  Aurora,  with  her  coursers  white. 
Held  all  the  Earth,  fair-shining  to  behold. 
An  echoing  shout  first  sounded  from  the  Greeks 
Like  song  of  joy,  and,  at  the  instant,  loud 
The  answer  echoed  from  the  Island  Cliff, 
And  dread  on  all  the  host  barbaric  fell. 
Their  hopes  frustrated,  —  Not  as  if  for  flight 
The  Grecians  hymned  their  holy  paean  then. 
But  as  to  battle  roused  with  courage  stout; 
And  all  the  coast  blazed  with  the  cry  of  trump. 
Then  straightway  with  the  clash  of  dashing  oar, 


AEGINA  63 


They  smote  the  watery  brine  at  order  given,      , 

And  swiftly  all  were  plainly  in  our  view. 

The  right  at  first  led  on  in  line  of  war 

In  goodly  order,  then  the  fleet  entire 

Followed,  and  at  the  moment  one  might  hear 

A  mighty  cry: — '  Oh  sons  of  Greeks,  advance! 

Deliver  your  ancestral  soil,  your  sons 

And  wives  set  free,  and  shrines  of  tribal  gods, 

And  tombs  of  forefathers!    The  Stake  your  All! ' 

From  our  side  too,  the  roar  of  Persian  tongue 

Leaped  in  response;  and  now  delay  was  past. 

And  straightway  ship  'gainst  ship  her  brazen  beak 

Dashed  —  and  a  Hellene  prow  the  shock  began. 

And  from  a  Punic  ship  the  figurehead 

Broke  off  entire,  and  then,  one  here,  one  there 

Her  stem  directed  ■^—  Now  the  Persian  host 

At  first  withstood,  but  soon  the  throng  was  pressed 

In  narrow  strait,  and  mutual  aid  was  naught. 

But,  by  their  own  bronze-armoured  beaks  assailed. 

The  fine  complete  of  oarage  swift  was  crushed. 

In  circle  round,  the  Grecian  ships  their  blows 

Not  heedlessly  inflicted,  till  the  hulls 

Overturned,  concealed  the  reddened  sea  beneath. 

Covered  with  wreck  of  ships  and  blood  of  men. 

The  shores  around  and  reefs  with  corpses  piled. 

Then,  in  disordered  flight  each  ship  was  rowed, 

So  many  as  were  left  of  Persian  host. 

But  they,  as  'twere  some  tunny  shoal,  the  foe 

With  spUntered  oars  and  wreckage  fragments  smote. 


64        IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

And  tore  to  shreds  the  wretches,  while  their  groans 

And  shriekings  covered  all  the  briny  sea, 

Till  night's  dark  eye  concealed  the  horrid  scene. 

But,  to  recount  to  thee  the  sum  of  woe 

I  could  not,  if  I  spake  for  ten  full  days. 

For  know  this  well,  that  on  a  single  day, 

Never  so  vast  a  host  of  mortals  died." 

The  Argo  was  by  this  time  approaching  the  cliffs 
of  Aegina,  and  she  soon  rounded  the  black  spire 
of  rock  which  rises  from  a  ledge  running  out  into 
the  sea  at  the  northeastern  corner  of  the  island. 
This  is  doubtless  one  of  the  many  reefs  planted 
by  King  Aeacus  as  a  protection  against  pirates,  as 
we  are  told  by  Pausanias.  The  black  spire  is  all 
that  is  left  of  the  mound  built  at  his  father's  bidding 
by  Telamon,  that  he  might  stand  thereon  and  plead 
defence  for  his  part  in  the  murder  of  Phocus.^ 

We  dropped  anchor  in  the  little  bay  of  Hagia 
Marina,  and  landed  by  rowboat.  The  clearness  of 
the  blue-green  water  and  the  purity  of  the  white 
sandy  bottom  are  remarkable  even  for  the  Aegean. 

The  island  was  named  of  old  Oenone,  the  Island 
of  the  Vine,  and  the  gnarled  bushes,  with  no  signs 
as  yet  of  their  verdure,  covered  every  field  and  slope. 
The  later  name  of  Aegina  points  to  Theban  invasion. 
Aegina  was  the  daughter  of  Asopus,  god  of  the 
Boeotian  river,  and  witness  of  the  mighty  battle  of 

*  See  below. 


AEGINA  65 


Plataea,  which  finished  on  land  the  work  begun 
on  sea  by  Salamis.  The  River  God  married  Metope 
—  her  of  the  fair  forehead  —  and  begat  two  sons 
and  twenty  daughters.  Zeus  loved  and  carried  off 
the  fairest  of  these,  Aegina/  and  when  the  father 
sought  her  sorrowing,  the  mighty  god  drove  him 
back  by  the  thunderbolt  to  his  native  banks,^  and 
bore  Aegina  across  the  Saronic  Gulf  to  Oenone.  The 
island  has  borne  since  that  time  the  name  of  the 
nymph,  for  she  became  the  mother  of  Aeacus  the 
Just,  and  ancestress  of  the  mighty  hne  from  which 
Achilles  sprang. 

The  goddess  Hera  took  vengeance  for  the  loves  of 
Zeus  and  Aegina  upon  the  inhabitants  of  the  place. 
Ovid  describes  the  pestilence  which  depopulated  the 
island  in  language  which  reminds  us  of  Thucydides, 
Boccaccio  and  Defoe.  Aeacus  in  despair  prayed  to 
Panhellenian  Zeus  of  the  great  temple  on  the 
mountain: 

" '  Oh  ^  Jupiter,'  I  prayed, '  if  fables  be  not  false 
which  say  thou  didst  embrace  Aegina,  daughter  of 
Asopus,  and  if  thou  takest  not  shame,  mighty 
father,    to   be  called   my   parent;    then   give    me 


*  Pausanias  (ii.  5)  tells  us  that  it  was  the  wicked  Sisyphus  of 
Corinth  who  revealed  to  Asopus  his  daughter's  fate,  in  return 
for  the  gift  of  the  fountain  of  Pirene  on  Acrocorinthus,  sup- 
plied by  the  waters  of  the  river.  He  pays  in  Tartarus  the 
heavy  penalty  for  the  revelation. 

*  Where  coal  abounds  to  this  day. 
»  Ov.:  Metam.,  vii.  253  ff. 


66       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

back  my  people,  or  hide  me  too  in  the  grave.'  Zeus 
gave  a  token  by  lightning-flash  with  thunder  follow- 
ing —  *  I  accept/  I  cried,  *  and  be  this  a  happy  sign 
of  thy  intentions!  I  take  as  pledge  the  omen  thou 
givest  me.'  Hard  by  there  chanced  to  stand  an 
oak,  with  far-spreading  branches.  Sacred  to  Jove 
it  was,  and  sprung  from  Dodonaean  seed.  On  this 
I  beheld  corn-gathering  ants  in  long  array  carrying 
in  tiny  mouths  enormous  burdens  and  keeping  their 
straight  path  upon  the  wrinkled  bark.  I  noted  the 
vast  number  and  exclaimed:  '  So  many  citizens 
give  me,  oh  mighty  father,  and  fill  my  empty  walls.' 
The  tall  oak  quivered,  and  uttered  a  sound  from  its 
branches  which  were  shaken  though  by  no  breeze. 
My  Hmbs  stiffened  with  quaking  fear,  and  my  hair 
stood  erect.  Yet  gave  I  kisses  to  the  Earth  and  to 
the  tree  trunk.  I  dared  not  say  I  hoped;  but  hope 
I  did,  and  cherished  in  my  heart  my  longings.  Night 
fell,  and  sleep  possessed  my  limbs  with  sorrow  worn. 
Lo,  before  mine  eyes  that  same  oak  seemed  to 
stand,  those  branches,  and  it  carried  creatures  on 
the  branches  in  number  as  before,  and  in  Uke  manner 
it  seemed  to  shake  and  scatter  upon  the  field  be- 
neath the  grain-laden  throng.  When  suddenly, 
lo,  they  grew,  and  became  ever  taller  and  taller  to 
look  upon,  and  lifted  themselves  from  the  ground 
and  stood  with  form  erect.  They  cast  off  their  tiny 
size  and  many  feet  and  dark  hue,  and  clothed  their 
limbs  in  shape  of  men.    My  slumber  left  me,  and  my 


AEGINA  67 


waking  thoughts  rejected  the  vision  I  had  seen.  I 
cried  in  anguish  that  there  was  no  help  in  heaven. 
When  lo,  a  great  sound  arose  in  the  halls.  I  seemed 
to  hear  men's  voices  long  unwonted.  But  while 
I  fancied  this  too  must  be  dreaming,  lo  Telamon 
rushed  in  and  cried,  *  Oh  father,  thou  shalt  see 
things  too  great  for  hope  or  credence.  Come  forth! ' 
I  came,  and  just  such  men  as  I  had  seemed  to  see 
in  my  dream,  just  such  in  rank  I  saw  and  recog- 
nized.'' 

The  new  population  were  called  Myrmidons* 
and  retained  in  subsequent  days  the  habits  of  gal- 
lant industry  of  their  ancestors.  Aeacus  became  so 
famous  for  the  efficacy  of  his  prayers  that  once  when 
Greece  was  afflicted  by  famine,  the  oracle  at  Delphi 
declared  that  deliverance  might  be  obtained  if 
Aeacus  would  offer  prayer  in  behalf  of  the  land: 
"  And  ^  when  Aeacus  prayed,  Greece  was  freed 
from  her  fruitlessness,  and  after  his  death  he  was 
honoured  in  the  realm  of  Pluto  and  he  guards  the 
keys  of  Hades." 

Donkeys  met  us  at  the  landing  rock,  and  for  half 
an  hour,  the  rugged  path  wound  under  the  pines  up 
the  hillside  spangled  with  anemones  —  flowers  of  the 
wind  indeed.  At  the  top  of  the  hill  stands  the  old 
Doric  temple  of  Aphaea.^    Aphaea  was  a  nymph  of 

*  Mtipfif)^,  ant. 

» ApoUod.,  iii.  12.  6.  10. 

'  Athene  has  of  late  been  dethroned  by  the  archaeologists. 


68       IN  GREEICE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Artemis-Dictynna,  and  used  to  dwell  in  Crete 
Shunning  the  love  of  Minos,  she  fled  for  nine  long 
months  through  mountain,  forest,  and  morass,  and 
at  last  in  despair,  leaped  from  a  crag  into  the  sea. 
A  fisherman  named  Andromedes  rescued  her  in  his 
net,^  and  carried  her  in  his  skiff  to  Aegina.  He  too 
offered  the  cold  nymph  his  love,  and  once  more  the 
flight  began  from  this  new  pursuer.  At  last  she 
vanished  in  the  sacred  grove  whi^h  crowns  the 
temple  hill,  and  from  her  disappearance^  comes  her 
name  Aphaea. 

We  lunched  among  the  ruins  of  the  temple.  Noon 
was  upon  the  Aegean,  and  the  "  brilUant  wind  " 
blew  from  the  shore  with  the  vigour  of  a  New  England 
Norther.  The  air  was  so  clear  that  far  Belbina 
could  be  plainly  seen.  Landward  lay  the  smiUng 
fields  and  olive  groves,  the  scattered  farmhouses, 
and  the  pine-clothed  hills  of  Aeacus'  ancient  king- 
dom. 

Aeacus  left  his  throne  to  judge  the  spirits  in  the 
world  below,  assessor  of  Minos  and  Rhadamanthus, 
so  righteous  had  been  his  peaceful  sway  in  this 
happy  island.  But  righteousness  and  peace  soon 
fled  from  the  hills  and  valleys.  The  strife  of  brethren 
brought  about  the  first  migration.  Peleus  and 
Telamon,  sons  of  Aeacus,  were  worsted  in  the  sports 
by  their  brother,  Phocus;    and  plotting  his  death 

*  SLktvov. 

*  &<l>av^%  iyivero. 


AEGINA 


together,  they  cast  lots  to  see  who  should  be  the 
fratricide.  Telamon,  at  the  discus-throwing,  hurled 
his  quoit  at  Phocus  with  fatal  aim,  and  with  his 
guilty  brother  hid  the  body  in  the  forest.  But  the 
deed  became  known,  and  the  just  king  banished  his 
unworthy  sons.  Telamon  fled  to  Salamis  where  the 
childless  king,  Kychreus,  was  ruling  a  desolate 
island.  For  a  dreadful  serpent  was  ravaging  the 
fields  and  destroying  the  folk.  Telamon  slew  the 
monster,  and  received  the  throne  as  his  inheritance. 
He  prayed  to  Zeus  for  a  male  child,  and  lo,  an  eagle 
appeared  to  him  as  a  sign  from  heaven.  When  the 
boy  was  born  he  was  named  Aias.  For  Aietos 
signifies  Eagle,  and  Aias  is  none  other  than  the 
mighty  Ajax  of  the  Trojan  story.  But  Aegina 
remained  without  a  king  for  ever,  for  the  sons  of  the 
murdered  Phocus  fled  to  Parnassus,  and  bestowed 
their  father's  name  upon  the  land  of  Phocis.^ 

The  centuries  witnessed  the  incessant  strife 
against  the  great  city  across  the  Gulf,  until  this 
"  eyesore,"  as  the  proud  Athenians  named  it,  fell 
at  last  and  its  inhabitants  were  altogether  driven 
out.  Yet  these  early  Aeginetans  had  been  men  of 
no  mean  stock.  The  pottery  they  fashioned  was 
used  in  Italy  and  Egypt,  and  in  the  Euxine  towns. 
Their  coins  passed  current  in  the  markets  of  the 
world,  the  talent  of  Aegina  long  continuing  to  be 
known  more  widely  than  even  the  Solonic  talent 

*  Pausanias,  ii.  29. 


70       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

of  Athens/  and  it  was  Aegina's  fleet  that  earned  the 
prize  for  valour  in  the  fight  at  Salamis.  When  evil 
days  came  to  the  conquering  state,  and  the  power 
of  Athens  fell  at  Aegos  Potami,  some  scanty  remnant 
of  the  Aeginetan  race  returned  to  the  ancestral 
island;  but  the  old  glory  never  returned,  and  through 
the  ages  which  history  leaves  hidden  in  darkness 
from  our  eyes,  the  mingled  stock  seems  gradually  to 
have  been  reduced  to  the  handful  who  inhabit  the 
island  to-day. 

Aegina  was  a  favourite  theme  with  Pindar: 

"  Land  ^  of  the  long  oars,  fatherland,  Aegina 
Judgment  throne  where  sitting  Themis,   the  Pre- 
server 
By  the  side  of  Zeus  the  guardian  of  Strangers, 
More  than  all  mankind  is  honoured  with  observance. 
For  a  matter  weighty,  many  ways  inclining 
Rightly  to  adjudge,  and  not  with  false  proportion. 
Is  a  problem  hard  to  overthrow  by  wrestling. 

"  But  of  immortals  some  ordinance 
Hath  stabUshed  this  sea-fenced  land, 
Pillar  divine  to  support 
Strangers  of  every  clime. 
Nor  may  the  years  in  their  flight 
Weary  maintaining  this  law." 

^  Ephoms,  quoted  by  Strabo,  says  the  Aeginetans  were  the 
first  who  used  stamped  coinage. 
'  Pindar:  Olymp.,  viii.  20. 


AEGINA  71 


"  Not  *  from  the  Graces  far 
Hath  fallen  the  lot  of  the  Isle, 

City  of  Justice  and  Right, 

Sharing  the  glorious  fame 

Of  the  deeds  of  Aeacus'  line. 

"  Perfect  her  glory  from  olden  time  — 

Oft  is  she  sung  victorious 
In  struggles  of  heroes  she  nursed. 
Highest  in  contests  swift, 
In  mortal  men  no  less 
Shineth  her  fame." 

"  Broad  ^  are  from  every  side  the  ways 
For  chroniclers,  the  glorious  Isle  to  praise. 
For  by  the  mighty  deeds  they  showed, 
On  her  the  Aeacids  bestowed 
Surpassing  other  lands,  a  fame 
And  over  Earth  and  far  beyond  the  Sea  is  spread 
their  name." 

"  No  ^  maker  of  images  I 

To  build  enduring  forms 
On  bases  immovable  standing  — 
But  oh  my  song,  on  every  bark. 
In  every  ship,  sweet  song, 

»  Pindar:  Pyth.,  viii.  21. 
^  Pindar:  Nem.,  vi.  51. 
'  Pindar:  Nem.,  i.  ff. 


72       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Go  from  Aegina,  tidings  spreading, 

How  Lampon's  son, 
Pytheas  of  broad  strength. 
The  crown  of  the  Pancration  won 

In  games  Nemean. 

"  While  yet  his  cheek  showed  not 
The  tender  summer,  of  the  wine-bud  mother. 
With  glory  hath  he  crowned      ^ 
The  warrior  heroes,  sprung 
From  Cronos  and  from  Zeus, 
And  from  the  golden  Nereids  — 
The  line  of  Aeacus. 

"  His  mother  city  he  hath  glorified. 
Dear  soil  of  guests, 
Which  once  they  prayed  might  be 
Renowned  for  men  and  ships; 
As  standing  near  the  shrine  of  Hellene  Zeus, 

They  spread  their  hands  aloft, 
Endais'  ^  sons  right  famous,  and  the  might 
Of  Phocus  princely." 

The  temple  has  been  shorn  of  its  chief  glory  — 
the  Pediment  sculptures  —  which  are  the  pride  of 
the  Munich  Glyptothek.  We  used  to  Hke  to  be  told 
to  note  the  proud  smile  on  the  lips  of  the  Greeks 
as  they  met  death,  the  stern  joy  in  their  eyes  as 

*  Wife  of  Aeacus. 


AEGINA  73 


they  faced  the  foe.  This  was  before  the  world 
had  learnt  so  much  about  archaic  sculpture  and  the 
work  of  the  predecessors  of  Phidias.  Yet  perhaps 
the  fancy  was  not  wholly  untrue.  However  that 
may  be,  we  cherished  the  old  thought  as  we  looked 
up  at  the  gray  architraves  now  robbed  of  their 
crowns.  The  columns  stand  high  and  clear  in  the 
brilliant  sunshine,  and  we  strolled  among  them, 
placing  ourselves  to  get  vistas  now  of  Argolis,  now 
of  Geraneia,  Cithaeron,  Parnes,  and  at  last  of 
Athens  with  the  golden  Acropolis,  and  Pentelicus 
rising  behind,  with  Hymettus  and  its  foothills  east 
and  south  to  Sunium. 

These  lesser  ruined  temples  of  Greece  offer  little 
perhaps  of  grandeur  or  of  architectural  splendour 
to  the  eye.  It  is  to  the  heart  they  speak,  and  that 
most  surely  they  do  —  every  one  of  them.  They  are 
so  truthful,  so  sincere.  The  effect  is  produced  with 
so  little  effort  of  elaboration.  The  Colonnade,  the 
Fore-house,  the  Cella,  the  Rear-house,  that  is  all. 
Every  trace  of  ornament  has  disappeared,  and  all 
colour  save  the  glow  of  pink  and  gold  and  gray 
which  time  has  bestowed  instead  of  man's  devices. 
And  the  temples  are  nobly  placed.  They  look  forth 
from  headland  or  from  hill-top,  over  island-studded 
gulf  or  fertile  inland  plain,  simple  and  serene. 

We  filled  our  lungs  with  the  wholesome  cold 
March  air,  and  descended  with  clean  hearts  and 
minds  to  the  landing  place  once  more.    The  Argo 


74       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

got  up  steam,  and  round  the  headland  met  the 
waves  which  by  this  time  had  become  boisterous. 
She  plunged  valiantly  into  them,  but  we  saw  that 
it  was  going  to  be  slow  work  to  reach  a  point  where 
the  influence  of  the  windward  shore  would  give 

relief.      "  'Et^  ic^eX'  "Apyovs  fir]    hixxTTTdaBai    <rKa<^os  !  " 

Far  to  the  left  rose  Acrocorinthus  and  the  Arcadian 
mountains.  The  Argo  struggled  on  past  the  Uttle 
islands  which  stud  the  Saronic,  till  at  last  Salamis 
offered  a  lee,  and  we  ran  past  Psittaleia  and  Cynosura^ 
—  on  into  the  quiet  waters  of  the  Bay  of  Salamis. 

We  turned  before  reaching  the  narrows,  and  saw 
in  the  distance  the  navy-yard  where  the  modern 
Greek  fleet  lay  at  anchor.  It  consisted  of  but  a 
handful  of  gunboats,  but  it  was  sufficient  doubtless 
to  have  scattered  all  the  hosts  of  Persia  by  a  few 
broadsides.  To  the  north  rose  the  "  Rocky  brow 
that  looks  o'er  seaborn  Salamis."  To  the  south,  the 
Island  in  its  immortal  glory,  lit  by  the  last  ray  of 
the  setting  sun. 

"  Paths  ^  of  the  dashing  sea  surge,  caves  by  the 
ocean's  edge,  grove  on  the  promontory's  brow,'* 
mourned  Ajax  of  his  "  long-time  exile  round  the 
walls  of  Troy,"  his  dying  thoughts  turning  to  the 
beloved  island  home. 

"  The  ^  son  of  Telamon,  in  prosperity  swaying 

^  The  Dog's  Tail,  behind  which  the  Greek  fleet  lurked. 

2  Soph.:  Ajax,  412. 

3  Soph.:  Ajax,  134. 


AEGINA  75 


SalamiS;  founded  where  the  sea  floweth  round.'' 
But  Ajax,  the  mighty,  Ajax,  the  heir  of  Salamis 
fell,  as  strength  so  often  falls  overcome  by  wit,  and 
as  in  after  days,  the  rugged  Salaminians  fell  under 
the  sway  of  clever  Athens  and  Solon  the  Wise.  Yet 
Athens  in  her  glory  never  forgot  the  shelter  which 
the  Island  gave  in  her  hour  of  need.  Always  in 
her  navy  was  a"  Salaminia  "  used  for  highest  and 
holiest  purposes.  And  The  Sea  Fight  needed  no 
special  name,  when  it  was  used  to  point  the  exhorta- 
tions of  the  great  orators  in  the  days  when  Grecian 
liberty  was  once  more  threatened,  and  sinking  to  its 
end  on  the  fatal  plain  of  Chaeronea. 

Psittaleia,  the  island  of  massacre,  where  Persia's 
noblest  were  slaughtered  Hke  cattle  in  a  pen,  was 
lighting  its  beacon  as  we  rounded  the  northern  end, 
and  headed  across  for  Piraeus. 

"  There  ^  is  an  island  fronting  Salamis, 
Small  —  a  mean  roadstead  offering  for  ships. 
Dance-loving  Pan  oft  treads  its  ocean  verge. 
Thither  the  king  his  noblest  sends,  that  when 
The  routed  foe  for  refuge  seek  the  isle. 
They  smite  the  Grecian  host,  an  easy  prey. 
And  friends  may  rescue  from  the  ocean  paths. 
The  future  ill  discerning,  —  for  when  Heaven 
To  Greeks  the  glory  gave  in  fight  of  ships. 
Their  bodies  clad  in  armour  of  good  bronze, 

^  Aeschylus:  Persians,  449  ff. 


76       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

At  once  they  leaped  to  shore  from  off  the  decks, 
And  circled  the  whole  island,  nor  our  chiefs 
Knew  where  to  turn  for  safety,  for  in  showers 
They  pelted  them  with  rocks,  and,  from  the  bow, 
The  arrows  pouring  wrought  destruction  swift. 
At  last,  in  one  fierce  rush  the  Greeks  dashed  on, 
They  smote,  they  hacked  their  wretched  victims' 

hmbs. 
Until  they  reft  the  life  from  all  the  band. 
When  Xerxes  saw  the  depth  of  ill,  he  groaned, 
For  on  a  throne  conspicuous  to  the  host. 
He  sat,  on  mountain  brow  near  ocean's  brine. 
Rending  his  robes,  he  cried  in  loud  lament, 
And,  leaving  to  his  host  on  land  the  fight. 
In  flight  unseemly  thence  he  rushed.  —  Such  woe 
Is  thine  to  weep  for,  added  to  the  first.'' 


CHAPTER   V 

MARATHON 

We  made  an  early  start  from  Athens,  and  after 
leaving  the  city,  we  quickly  came  to  true  pastoral 
country  of  a  kind  very  characteristic  of  Greece. 
Attica  for  the  most  part  is  barren,  but  here  we  found 
meadows  of  soft  grass  as  green  as  those  in  the  fertile 
lands  of  the  Peloponnesus.  We  passed  flocks  of 
sheep  tended  by  handsome  young  bearded  shepherds 
in  cloaks  of  rough  wool  and  carrying  real  crooks. 
They  represented  precisely  one's  idea  of  Meliboeus 
or  Tityrus.  The  pastures  were  fields  of  grass  of  the 
type  of  good  golf  turf,  dotted  with  clumps  of  furze 
bush  or  thistle,  and  covered  with  anemones  of  every 
colour.  Here  and  there  a  gnarled  olive  tree  offered 
a  tempting  spot,  should  Tityrus  feel  inchned  to 
try  his  pipe. 

We  passed  an  occasional  ruined  church,  or  a  new 
one  situated  in  a  group  of  three  or  four  cottages 
with  a  modest  inn,  where  the  driver  stopped  to 
give  water  to  his  horses.  Soon  we  crossed  a  low 
spur  of  Hymettus  and  began  a  long  gentle  descent 
through  olives  and  pines.    This  part  of  the  road  is 

77 


78       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

lonely  but  very  beautiful.  At  one  point  we  crossed 
a  bridge  and  drove  through  a  perfect  tunnel  of 
foliage.  Pines,  olives  and  vines,  planted  thick  on 
either  side,  afforded  shade,  rare  indeed  in  this  land. 

One  of  the  favourite  haunts  of  the  great  god  Pan 
was  near  this  spot.  The  stalactites  in  his  cave  bear, 
to  this  day,  the  forms  of  his  goats,  and  he  must  have 
loved  the  Marathon  region  well.  As  Phidippides  tra- 
versed the  Arcadian  mountains  in  quBst  of  help  for 
Athens,  the  god  suddenly  appeared  before  him. 
There  is  no  panic  terror  now  in  his  mild  countenance, 
but  good  cheer,  as  he  tells  Phidippides  that  all  will 
be  well.  For  he  himself  —  the  resistless  power  of 
Nature  —  will  be  present  at  Marathon  on  the  great 
day.  And  the  Athenians,  who  had  hitherto  neg- 
lected his  worship,^  gave  him  in  gratitude  a  shrine 
in  the  grotto  on  the  northern  slope  of  their  own 
Acropolis. 

We  reached  a  wayside  inn,  where  we  changed 
horses,  and  rested  half  an  hour.  This  spot  is  the 
scene  of  the  last  instance  of  kidnapping  by  brigands.^ 
We  had  passed  the  Diacria,  the  high  ground  between 
Hymettus  and  Pentelicus,  and  from  now  on  our 
road,  for  the  most  part,  was  a  long  slow  descent, 
until  we  suddenly  caught  sight  of  the  sea.  Far  to 
the  northeast  we  saw  the  snow-clad  Euboean 
mountains  across  the  Euripus.    To  the  southeast  a 

*  Pausanias,  i.  28.     Pace  Eurip.:  Ion,  492, 
'  In  1870. 


MARATHON  79 


low  gray  island  was  Ceos,  the  birthplace  of  Simonides, 
the  poet  whose  name  is  associated  with  the  war  of 
which  our  minds  were  full,  as  we  approached  the 
scene  of  the  first  battle.  Simonides  wrote  many- 
epitaphs  in  honour  of  those  slain  in  the  Persian 
War.^  In  competition  with  Aeschylus  —  who  had 
himself  fought  at  Marathon  —  he  composed  an 
inscription  for  the  famous  picture  by  Mikon,  Panae- 
nus,  and  Polygnotus  in  the  Painted  Stoa  of  Athens.^ 

"  Fighting  as  champions  for  Greece  on  Marathon's 

plain,  the  Athenians 
Low  on  the  ground  the  might  dashed  of  the  gold 

bearing  Medes." 

Here  is  the  inscription  offered  by  Aeschylus,  but 
rejected  as  inferior  to  that  of  Simonides: 

"  Men  ^  of  Plataea  and  Athens,  on  Marathon's 
meadow  embattled. 

Low  on  the  ground  the  might  dashed  of  the  gold- 
bearing  Medes." 

We  wound  up  a  hill  scarred  by  the  marks  of  a 
recent  great  conflagration,  and  at  last  far  away,  we 
could  descry  a  broad  plain  shut  in  on  three  sides 
by  hills,  and  washed  on  the  fourth  by  the  Euboean 

*  The  most  famous  ones  refer  to  Thermopylae. 

*  Simonides,  90  Bergk. 

'  Aeschylus:  Elegy,  i.  Bergk. 


80        IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Strait.  This  was  Marathon;  but,  for  the  half  hour 
of  approach,  our  attention  was  held  by  the  view  of 
the  mountains  across  the  Strait  which  is  here  very- 
narrow.  Northeast,  the  promontory  of  Cynosura 
runs  out  from  the  mainland.  It  is  curious  that  there 
should  have  been  points  of  land  with  identical  names 
at  both  Marathon  and  Salamis.  Here  the  name 
"  Dog's  Tail  "  may  recall  Aelian's  statement'  that 
in  the  above-mentioned  picture  of'  the  Painted 
Stoa,  there  appears  a  dog,  taken  as  "  fellow  sol- 
dier "to  the  battle  by  one  of  the  Athenians.  "  Both  ^ 
are  painted  in  the  picture,  the  dog  not  being  left 
unhonoured;  for  he  obtained  this  meed  for  the 
danger  he  faced  that  he  is  to  be  seen  together  with 
Cynaegiros,  Epizelos,  and  Callimachus." 

Conspicuous  in  Euboea  rises  snow-crowned  Dir- 
phys.  Simonides  ^  wrote  an  epitaph  on  the  peasant 
lads  who  fell  for  their  country: 

"  Under  the  slope  of  Dirphys  we  fell.    This  mound 

in  our  honour 
Hard  by  Euripus  stands,  raised  by  our  countrymen 

here. 
Just  was  the  tribute.     We  lost  the  early  prime  of 

our  manhood, 
We  who  holding  our  ground,  met  the  rude  cloud  of 

the  war." 

*  Harrison:  Myth,  and  Mon.  of  Ancient  Athens,  page  139. 
'  Simonides,  89  Bergk. 


MARATHON  81 


The  road  to  Rhamnus  runs  north  from  the  plain. 
Here  stood  the  famous  statue  of  Nemesis.  For  the 
Persians  brought  with  them  to  Marathon  a  huge 
block  of  Persian  marble,  whereof  to  make  a  trophy 
in  celebration  of  the  expected  victory.  From  this 
very  bit  of  stone  Phidias  wrought  the  statue  of  the 
goddess,  whose  wrath  had  been  stirred  by  their 
presumptuous  confidence.^ 

Upon  reaching  the  edge  of  the  plain  of  Marathon 
the  carriage  stopped  at  a  group  of  farm  buildings, 
and  we  alighted  and  proceeded  to  the  mound  which 
rises  from  the  centre  of  the  plain.  This  is  the 
famous  "  Soros  "  heaped  "over  the  bodies  of  the 
Grecian  dead,  and  while  its  genuineness  has  at  times 
been  disputed,  archaeologists  have  at  last  pro- 
nounced in  its  favour.  In  the  fight,  the  Athenians 
were  marshalled  tribe  by  tribe,  that  friend  might 
be  encouraged  by  the  proximity  of  friend;  and  so, 
tribe  by  tribe,  the  bodies  of  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
two  heroes  were  laid  in  this  mound.  Beside  it, 
"  Each  night  and  all  night  long,  one  may  hear  the 
sound  of  champing  horses  and  of  fighting  men.^'  ^ 

The  Soros  is  the  only  elevation  in  the  perfectly 
level  plain,  and  we  lunched  under  the  shade  of  the 
clump  of  trees  on  its  northern  side. 

Modern  mihtary  critics  have  proved  that  Mara- 
thon was  not  much  of  a  battle  after  all.     It  was 


*  Pausanias,  i.  33. 
'  Pausanias,  i.  32. 


82       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

merely  a  rear-end  engagement  with  Persians  who 
were  already  embarking.  In  the  Greek  imagination, 
however,  it  holds  high  place  after  Thermopylae, 
Salamis,  and  Plataea.  For  it  was  the  first  conflict, 
and  as  it  turned  out  it  led  to  a  ten  years'  respite. 
We  can  hear  throughout  Greek  oratory  and  poetry 
the  echo  of  the  exultant  consciousness  that  from 
this  first  conflict  between  Slave  and  Free,  Liberty 
came  forth  triumphant. 

In  the  Persians  of  Aeschylus,  Queen  Atossa  asks 
the  chorus  for  information  concerning  these  strange 
Athenians: 

Atossa:  ^  "  Tell  me,  who  is  their  commander,  who 

is  despot  o'er  the  folk?  " 
Chorus:  "  Of  no  mortal  man  the  servants,  nor  the 

subjects  are  they  called." 
Atossa:  "  How  then  could  they  bide  the  onset  of  the 

foeman  pressing  hard?  " 
Chorus:    "  In  such   fashion  that   Darius   saw  his 

mighty  host  destroyed." 

"  The  ^  greatest  orator  of  the  ancient  world  swore 
*  by  those  who  lay  buried  at  Marathon,'  as  if  they 
were  gods,  and  no  appeal  was  more  inspiring  to 
Athenian  ears  than  that  to  the  memory  of  those  who 
fought  at  Marathon." 

» Line  243. 

'  Wordsworth:  Greece,  page  114. 


MARATHON  83 


"  Our^  ancestors  conquered  the  barbarians  who 
first  trod  Attic  soil,  and  made  plain  that  Manhood 
is  stronger  than  Wealth,  Valour  than  Numbers." 

Pausanias  ^  tells  us  how  the  fight  was  depicted  on 
the  walls  of  the  Painted  Porch. 

"  Of  the  Boeotians,  those  who  dwelt  at  Plataea, 
and  the  whole  of  the  Attic  force,  are  advancing  to 
close  quarters  with  the  barbarians.  And  in  this 
part  of  the  picture  the  fight  is  equal.  But  further 
on,  the  barbarians  are  fleeing  and  pushing  one  an- 
other into  the  swamp.  And  at  the  end  of  the  pic- 
ture are  the  Phoenician  ships,  and  the  Greeks  kiUing 
the  barbarians,  who  are  rushing  towards  these. 
There  is  also  painted  the  hero  Marathon  —  from 
whom  the  plain  has  been  named  —  and  Theseus  ^ 
is  depicted  hke  one  rising  from  the  Earth,  and  Athene 
and  Heracles.  For  Heracles  was  regarded  as  a  god 
by  the  Marathonians  first,  as  they  themselves  say. 
And  of  the  fighters,  those  most  conspicuous  in  the 
picture  are  Callimachus,*  who  had  been  elected 
Polemarch  by  the  Athenians,  and  Miltiades  of  the 
generals,  and  the  hero  called  Echetlos."  ^ 

*  Lycurg.,  163.         '  Pausanias,  i.  15.  3. 

5  Theseus  in  earlier  times  had  brought  deliverance  to  the 
dwellers  in  Attica  by  slaying  the  Marathonian  Bull.  We  see 
him  in  the  quaint  group  in  the  Acropolis  Museum  with  the 
bull  over  his  shoulders. 

*  Callimachus  was  pierced  by  so  many  spears  that  his  body 
was  unable  to  fall  to  earth. 

^  Echetlos  was  the  mysterious  figure  who  appeared  on  the 


84       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

We  picked  our  way  shoreward  over  the  firmer 
parts  of  the  marsh,  and  found  a  comfortable  heap 
of  dry  seaweed  on  the  beach,  where  we  spent  an 
hour  enjoying  the  bright  sunshine  and  the  glorious 
view  of  the  Euboean  Strait.  Herodotus  was  our 
guide.  Off  this  very  beach,  Hippias,  longing  to 
recover  the  throne  whence  he  had  been  expelled, 
"  Guided^  the  ships  of  the  barbarians,  .  .  .  and 
anchored  them,  and  marshalled  the  Persian  troops 
after  they  had  disembarked  on  the  shore.  And  as 
he  was  thus  employed,  it  befell  him  to  sneeze  and 
cough  more  violently  than  was  his  wont,  and  as  he 
was  elderly,  his  teeth  for  the  most  part  were  shaken. 
So  then  he  lost  one  of  his  teeth  by  the  violence  of 
his  coughing,  and  as  it  had  fallen  upon  the  sand  he 
used  great  diUgence  to  find  it.  But  as  his  tooth 
appeared  not,  he  groaned  and  said  to  the  bystanders: 
*  This  land  is  not  for  us,  nor  shall  we  prove  able 
to  make  it  subject;  for  so  much  of  it  as  was  to 
have  been  my  share,  my  tooth  already  has  ob- 
tained. .  .  .'  " 

The  famous  narrative  runs  on  in  the  historian's 
delightful  style  of  sober  narrative,  quaint  anecdote, 
and  historical  digression.     The  unexpected  arrival 

field  during  the  fight  and  dealt  mighty  blows  with  his  plough- 
share. The  oracle  afterwards  bade  the  Athenians  "  honour 
Echetlos,"  and  they  built  him  a  monument  of  marble.  Cf. 
Browning. 

» Herod.,  vi.  107. 


MARATHON  85 


on  the  scene  of  the  heroic  Plataeans  en  masse  must 
have  cheered  the  hearts  of  the  anxious  Athenians. 
There  is  something  quite  touching  in  the  almost 
romantic  affection  of  the  Athenians  for  their  humble, 
oppressed  Boeotian  proteges;  and  the  devotion  of 
the  Plataeans  to  the  city  that  alone  had  helped  them 
in  their  need,  appears  again  and  again  in  Grecian 
history.  Herodotus,  after  telUng  of  the  arrival  of 
the  Plataeans,  and  after  commenting  on  this  ancient 
tie  of  friendship,  describes  the  anxiety  of  the  Athe- 
nian generals,  and  their  patriotic  self-abnegation 
and  resolution  at  the  last.  We  could  follow,  without 
diJEculty,  his  description  of  the  positions  of  the 
contestants,  and  the  details  of  the  fight. 

"  When  ^  their  dispositions  were  made,  and  the 
omens  were  propitious,  .  .  .  they  rushed  at  full 
speed  against  the  barbarians.  .  .  .  But  the  Per- 
sians, when  they  saw  them  approaching  at  a  run, 
prepared  as  if  to  receive  their  onslaught.  And  they 
imputed  madness  to  the  Greeks,  and  a  right  fatal 
madness,  when  they  saw  them  so  few,  and  these 
pressing  on  at  a  run  aided  by  neither  cavalry 
nor  archery.  .  .  .  And  the  Athenians,  when  they 
had  joined  in  close  conflict  with  the  barbarians, 
then  they  fought  in  wise  worthy  of  description. 
For  they  were  the  first  of  all  the  Greeks  whom  we 
know,  who  went  at  running  speed  against  enemies, 
and  the  first  who  endured  the  sight  of  the  garb  of 

» Herod.,  vi.  112. 


86       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

the  Medes  and  the  men  clad  therein.  For  before  this, 
even  the  name  of  the  Medes  was  a  terror  for  the 
Greeks  to  hear." 

We  could  picture  to  ourselves  the  temporary- 
success  of  the  Persians  at  the  centre  of  the  line, 
where  they  drove  their  opponents  well  towards  the 
hills.  Then  our  imagination  recalled  the  Grecian 
wings  victorious,  the  flight  through  the  marshes, 
and  the  wild  rush  for  the  ships;  th^  effort  to  set 
these  on  fire;  Cynaegiros  grasping  the  prow  of  a 
vessel,  and  falling,  his  arms  severed  by  a  battle 
axe;  then  the  final  retreat  of  the  fleet  round  Sunium; 
the  flashing  shield  signal  given  by  traitors  from 
mount  Pentelicus;  the  hasty  return  of  the  Athenians 
to  their  city  to  thwart  the  treachery;  —  and  finally, 
the  arrival  of  help  from  Sparta  when  all  was  over. 

The  historian  gives  a  dry  account  of  the  conduct 
of  the  Lacedaemonians.  When  Phidippides  came 
with  his  agonized  appeal,  "  It  ^  pleased  the  Spartans 
to  send  help  to  the  Athenians.  It  was  impossible, 
however,  to  do  this  at  once,  for  they  did  not  wish 
to  transgress  their  custom.  For  it  was  the  ninth 
day  of  the  waxing  moon,  and  they  said  that  they 
would  not  go  forth  on  the  ninth  day  for  that  the 
disc  of  the  moon  was  not  full.  So  they  awaited 
the  full  moon.  .  .  .  But  after  the  full  moon,^  two 
thousand  of  the  Lacedaemonians  came  to  Athens,  in 
hot  haste  to  be  in  time,  so  that  they  reached  Attica 

^  Herod.,  vi.  106.        '  Herod.,  vi.  120. 


MARATHON  87 


on  the  third  day  from  Sparta.  But  though  they 
had  arrived  after  the  collision,  they  desired  never- 
theless to  gaze  upon  the  Medes.  So  going  to  Mara- 
thon, they  gazed.  Then,  commending  the  Athenians 
and  their  work,  they  departed  homeward." 

The  fountain  of  Macaria  mentioned  by  Pausanias 
is  no  longer  to  be  found.  Marathon  had  been  the 
scene  in  mythical  times  of  the  brave  deed  of  a 
woman  who  here  offered  her  Ufe  that  victory  might 
be  assured  to  Athens  and  that  the  race  of  Heracles 
might  not  perish.  The  Heraclidae  of  Euripides  tells 
the  story.  The  persecuted  children  of  Heracles, 
fleeing  from  Eurystheus  of  Tiryns,  reach  Marathon, 
and  beg  protection  of  King  Demophon,  who  now 
rules  Attica  as  successor  of  his  father  Theseus.  The 
king  promises  succour,  and  Eurystheus,  seeing  the 
prey  about  to  escape,  makes  preparation  for  battle. 
An  oracle  declares  that,  as  a  condition  of  victory, 
a  maiden,  sprung  of  noblest  stock,  must  be  sacrificed 
to  Demeter.  Macaria,  the  eldest  daughter  of 
Heracles,  surrenders  herself  to  voluntary  death. 
"  Worthy  of  her  father,  worthy  of  her  noble  birth 
this  deed  hath  been  done.  And  if  the  death  of  the 
brave  thou  dost  revere,  I  join  with  thee."  ^ 

It  was  time  to  return  to  Athens.    The  day  had 
been  warm  and  bright,  but  in  March  there  is  always 
1  Eurip.:  Heracl.,  626. 


88       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

a  sharp  chill  in  the  air  when  the  sun  begins  to  ap- 
proach the  horizon.  As  we  drew  near  Athens, 
the  Acropolis  rose  clear  against  the  glory  of  the 
western  sky,  and  the  lights  of  the  city  shone  forth 
one  by  one  as  we  entered  the  suburbs. 


CHAPTER   VI 

CORINTH 

From  Eleusis  to  Corinth  the  scenery  is  very- 
beautiful.  The  railroad  skirts  the  sea  during  nearly 
the  whole  of  its  course,  often  creeping  along  the 
edge  of  cUffs  or  crossing  deep  clefts  in  the  rocks  with 
the  waves  actually  roaring  beneath  the  train. 
Usually,  however,  this  part  of  the  Saronic  Gulf  is 
calm,  and  from  the  windows  of  the  railway  carriage 
one  looks  down  through  hmpid  blue-green  to  the 
clean  sandy  bottom  far  below. 

After  leaving  Eleusis  the  line  runs  round  the 
spur  of  the  Kerata,  through  a  very  extensive  olive 
plantation  which  reaches  more  than  half  the  way 
to  Megara.  On  the  left  is  still  the  Bay  of  Salamis, 
now  widening,  now  narrowing  so  much  that  a  good 
swimmer  might  easily  cross  to  the  Island.  Over  the 
southwestern  point  of  Salamis  one  begins  to  see 
Aegina  and  the  far  off  Argolic  mountains,  and 
presently  the  train  reaches  Megara. 

Megara  was  a  Dorian  town,  and  her  enmity  to 
Ionian  Athens  lasted  almost  unbroken  through 
historic   times.     The  final  acquisition  of   Salamis 

89 


90       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

by  Athens  was  something  which  Megara  could  not 
forgive;  and  the  famous  Megarian  Decree  of  com- 
mercial non-intercourse  was  one  of  the  inflaming 
events  which  led  to  the  Peloponnesian  War.  Aris- 
tophanes in  the  Acharnians  gives  a  horrible  picture 
of  the  sufferings  caused  by  the  Decree  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  Megara,  and  repeats  the  unpleasant  tale 
of  the  personal  affair  which  led  to  the  promulgation 
of  the  ordinance.  Apologists  of  Pericles  deny  ut- 
terly the  culpability  of  the  great  statesman,  and 
prefer  to  follow  the  account  of  Plutarch/  according 
to  whom  the  decree  was  issued  because  the  Megarians 
had  appropriated  to  profane  uses  a  part  of  the  sacred 
Eleusinian  territory.  The  situation  was  exasperated 
by  the  treatment  of  the  ambassador  Anthemocritus, 
who  was  put  to  death  by  the  Megarians.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  outrage,  Charinus  brought  in  a 
"  decree  against  them,  that  there  should  exist 
enmity  without  truce  and  without  parley,  and  that 
whatever  Megarian  should  set  foot  on  Attic  soil, 
should  be  punished  with  death;  and  that  the 
generals,  on  swearing  the  ancestral  oath,  should  vow 
in  addition  that  twice  each  year  they  would  invade 
the  Megarid."  The  Megarians  in  Plutarch's  time 
denied  the  execution  of  Anthemocritus,  and  claimed 
that  the  version  of  Aristophanes  was  the  true  one. 

Modern  Megara  is  proud  of  its  pure  Hellenic  blood 
in  the  midst  of  neighbours  of  Albanian  stock.    The 

iPlut.:  Vit.  Per.,  30. 


CORINTH  91 


Easter  Monday  dances  are  famous,  and  the  beauty 
of  the  maidens  justifies  the  claim  of  pure  descent. 
From  Megara  the  land  slopes  towards  the  ancient 
seaport  of  Nisaea  over  against  Salamis.  Here  is  the 
Rock  Aithyia  where  Pandion  lies  buried,  and  oppo- 
site is  the  Rock  Minoa.  The  names  call  to  mind 
many  sad  legends  of  these  early  kings  of  Attica  and 
the  Megarid. 

Pandion,  driven  from  his  home  in  Attica,  took 
refuge  here  and  married  the  daughter  of  King  Pylas 
whom  he  succeeded.  His  sons  recovered  their 
paternal  inheritance,  and  made  division  of  the 
territory.  The  sad  fate  of  his  daughters  belongs 
more  properly  to  Daulia.^  The  third  son,  Nisus, 
became  King  of  Megara,  and  when  Minos,  King  of 
Crete,  made  his  famous  invasion,  Nisus  was  besieged 
in  his  citadel  on  the  Rock  since  called  Minoa.  The 
king's  beautiful  daughter,  Scylla,  became  enamoured 
of  Minos,  and,  induced  by  love  or  perhaps  by  gold, 
betrayed  her  father  to  the  invader.  Now  Nisus 
bore  a  charmed  life.  On  his  head  there  grew  a 
lock  of  purple  hair,  and  while  that  was  safe,  no  harm 
could  befall  him.  Scylla  entered  the  chamber  where 
he  slept,  and,  after  cutting  off  the  purple  lock,  she 
presented  it  to  Minos,  who  in  scorn  and  loathing 
rejected  her  appeals  and  sailed  away  in  his  ships. 
Scylla  in  despair  leaped  into  the  sea,  and  strove  to 
cling  to  the  ship  of  the  departing  Minos.    But  her 

^  See  Chapter  x. 


92       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

murdered  father,  changed  into  a  sea  eagle,  appeared 
in  pursuit,  and  Scylla  was  transformed  into  a  strange 
new  sea  bird  called  Ciris.^  Some  say  it  was  Minos 
who  flung  her  into  the  sea,  and  that  her  body,  which 
was  washed  ashore  on  the  Argolic  coast,  gave  the 
name  to  the  Scyllaean  Promontory.^ 

The  first  hundred  and  fifty  lines  of  the  eighth 
book  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses  give  a  beautiful 
version  of  the  tale.  Here  is  the  brief  account  in  the 
Choephoroe  of  Aeschylus,  where  the  chorus  of  slave 
maidens  in  expressing  detestation  of  the  crime  of 
Clytemnestra,  recall  similar  instances  of  the  dreadful 
deeds  of  passion  done  by  women. 

"  Another  ^  woman  we  in  legend  needs  must  loathe, 
Scylla  the  murderous. 
Who,  by  foes  seduced,  a  dear  one  slew. 
By  Cretan  gold-wrought  necklace  tempted,  — 
The  Gift  of  Minos  —  and  she  severed 
The  lock  immortal  from  the  head  of  Nisus, 
As  in  sleep  he  breathed  unwitting  — 
Dog  hearted  woman! 
But  Hermes  overtook  her." 

After  leaving  Megara,  the  train  begins  to  creep 
along  the  edge  of  the  cHffs  of   Mount  Geraneia. 

*  Ciris  from  Kelpofiai,  to  cut  the  hair. 

2  This  Scylla  is  sometimes  wrongly  confused  with  the  mon- 
ster of  the  Straits  of  Messina. 
sAesc:  Cheoph.,  603. 


CORINTH  93 


This  mountain  is  said  to  have  received  its  name  from 
the  Cranes.* 

Megaros  ^  was  the  son  of  Zeus  and  one  of  the 
Sithnid  nymphs,  whose  stream  supplied  the  fountain 
of  Megara,  adorned  with  buildings  by  the  famous 
tyrant  Theagenes — "  a  fountain  worth  seeing  for 
its  adornment  and  the  number  of  its  columns." 

Now  once  upon  a  time  it  befell  Megaros  "  to 
escape  from  the  flood  of  DeucaUon  to  the  height 
of  Geraneia  —  the  mountain  not  yet  having  this 
name.  But  forasmuch  as  he  swam,  directing  his 
course  by  the  cry  of  flying  Cranes;  on  this  account 
the  mountain  was  named  Geraneia." 

We  crossed  a  bridge  over  a  chasm  of  the  sea,  and 
began  to  descend  faster  towards  the  low  land  of  the 
Isthmus.  This  bridge  is  at  the  KaKrj  ^KaXa,  the 
Evil  Staircase,  which  the  ancients  called  the  Sciron- 
ian  CUff.  We  were  pursuing  in  reverse  direction 
the  famous  course  of  Theseus,  whose  twelve  labours 
vie  with  those  of  Heracles.  While  the  Megarians 
state  that  Sciron  was  the  first  to  build  the  road 
along  the  Saronic  Gulf,  the  accepted  myth  repre- 
sents him  as  a  cruel  robber,  who  lived  on  the  rocks 
of  Megaris.  He  would  compel  ^  travellers  to  wash 
his  feet,  and  while  they  were  stooping  to  perform 
the  task,  he  would  kick  them  over  the  cliff  in  sheer 


^  Cranes,  Tipavoi. 
»  Paus.,  i.  40.  1. 
»  Paus.,  i.  44.  8. 


94       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

glee.  A  monstrous  tortoise,  lurking  at  the  foot  of  the 
rock,  devoured  the  bodies.  Theseus  visited  him 
with  the  same  treatment  he  had  so  often  bestowed 
on  others. 

The  Molurian  Rocks  are  near  those  of  Sciron. 
From  them  Ino  leaped  with  her  son  MeUcertes  in 
her  arms,  and  became  the  sea  goddess  Leucothea. 
Ino  was  daughter  of  Cadmus,  and  the  second  wife 
of  Athamas.  She  ^  incurred  the  wrath  of  Hera  for 
having  nursed  the  infant  Dionysus,  her  nephew. 
The  goddess  afflicted  Athamas  with  homicidal 
madness  directed  against  his  own  children.  After 
seeing  Learchus,  her  eldest  boy,  slain  by  his  father, 
the  frantic  mother  fled  with  MeUcertes,  and  leaped 
with  him  into  the  sea,  where  they  became  divinities 
propitious  to  mariners.  The  ^  handmaidens  of  Ino 
traced  her  steps  as  far  as  the  edge  of  the  Cliff. 
Guessing  the  fate  of  their  mistress,  they  made  loud 
complaint  of  the  cruelty  of  Hera.  The  goddess 
heard  their  outcry,  and  resolved  to  make  one  more 
example  of  her  savage  power.  The  maiden  who 
had  loved  her  mistress  best  tried  to  leap  into  the 
sea,  when  lo,  she  found  herself  powerless  to  move. 
Others,  essaying  to  beat  their  breasts  or  tear  their 
hair,  found  their  arms  grown  rigid  in  the  act.  Others 
again  were  changed  into  birds,  who,  to  this  day, 
may  be  seen  dipping  their  wings  as  they  skim  along 

*  Apollod.,  iii.  4.  3. 
» Ovid:  Met.,  iv.  542  fif. 


CORINTH  95 


the  sea  among  the  scattered  rocks  which  once  were 
living  maidens. 

Another  account,  given  by  Apollodorus/  repre- 
sents Ino  as  having  plotted  the  death  of  Phrixos  and 
Helle,  children  of  Athamas  by  his  first  wife,  Nephele. 
Pausanias  tells  us  that  Melicertes  was  conveyed  to 
Corinth  by  a  dolphin.  Others  say  that  his  body 
was  washed  ashore  there.  At  all  events,  the  famous 
Isthmian  games  were  instituted  in  his  honour.  The 
SchoUast  on  Pindar  ^  says  that  "  The  Nereids  once 
upon  a  time  in  their  dance  appeared  before  Sisy- 
phus,^ and  bade  him  conduct  the  Isthmian  festival 
in  honour  of  MeHcertes." 

"  Sisyphus,*  son  of  Aeolus,  they  bade. 
In  honour  of  the  boy  to  institute 
The  prize  of  far  renown  for  Mehcertes  perished." 

We  meet  the  new  sea-goddess  in  a  well-known 
passage  of  the  Odyssey: 

"  Then  ^  the  daughter  of  Cadmus  spied  him,  Ino 
of  the  neat  ankle,  Leucothea,  who  of  yore  had  been 
a  mortal  of  human  speech,  but  now,  in  depths  of 
Ocean,  the  gods  have  bestowed  honour  upon  her. 
She  beheld  with  compassion  the  storm-driven 
Odysseus  in  his  anguish,  and  in  Hkeness  of  a  flying 

»  Apollod.,  i.  9.  1.        2  igth. :  Arg.,  i. 

'  King  of  Corinth,  and  uncle  of  Melicertes. 

*  Pindar:  Frag,,  i. 

6  Homer:  Odyssey,  v.  333  ff. 


96       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

gull  she  rose  up  from  the  sea.  Then  she  seated 
herself  on  the  raft,  and  spake  words  to  him:  *  Ill- 
fated  one,  wherefore  hath  Poseidon,  Shaker-of- 
Earth,  so  sore  afflicted  thee  with  his  wrath,  in  that 
he  causeth  for  thee  so  many  evils?  Surely  he  shall 
not  destroy  thee,  though  he  is  greatly  enangered 
against  thee.  But  verily  do  thou  act  thus  —  for 
thou  seemest  to  me  not  without  wisdom  —  cast  off 
thy  garments,  and  leave  thy  raft  to  be  carried  by 
the  winds,  and,  swimming  with  thy  hands,  strive 
to  attain  a  haven  on  Phaeacian  soil,  where  it  is  thy 
destiny  to  escape.  Take  then  this  veil,  and  spread 
it  beneath  thy  b];east.  It  is  immortal,  nor  is  there 
fear  that  evil  or  destruction  befall  it.  When, 
therefore,  thou  shalt  touch  the  land  with  thine 
arms,  unbind  the  veil,  and  cast  it  again  into  the 
wine-faced  sea,  far  from  the  land,  and  turn  thyself 
backward.'  When  she  had  thus  spoken,  the  goddess 
gave  him  the  veil.  Then  she  dove  into  the  billowy 
sea,  in  Ukeness  of  a  gull.  And  the  dark  waves 
cpvered  her." 

The  Chorus  in  the  Medea  of  Euripides  compares 
the  cruel  mother  to  the  maddened  Ino. 

Chorus:  ^  "  Unhappy  one,  of  rock  art  thou  or  steel 
Thou  that  by  murderous  hand  wilt  slay 
The  crop  of  children  thou  thyself  didst  bear? 

»Eurip.:  Medea,  1279. 


CORINTH  97 


"  Of  one,  one  only  have  I  heard 
In  ancient  story. 
Ino  by  gods  distraught, 
What  time  the  spouse  of  Zeus 
Drove  her  in  wandering  from  her  home  afar. 

"  For  impious  murder  of  her  sons 

She  falleth  —  hapless  one  —  her  foot  extending 

O'er  ocean  cliff  into  the  raging  main." 

Simonides  wrote  an  elegy  on  one  wrecked  on 
Geraneia  and  the  Scironian  Rocks. 

"  Ill-omened  ^  cliff,  mist-clad,  Geraneia,  would  that 

on  Ister 
Or  on  the  Scythian  Don  far  thou  directedst  thy 

gaze. 
Nor  that  at  hand  were  found  the  Scironian  billow 

of  ocean, 
Bane  of  the  maddened  dame,  near  the  Molurian 

Crag." 

As  we  journeyed  westward,  further  legends  of 
the  prowess  of  Theseus  came  back  to  us.  We  were 
near  the  haunts  of  the  Sow  of  Crommyon  and  of  the 
robber  Sinis,  who  hurled  his  enemies  into  the  sea 
as  from  a  catapult  by  fastening  them  to  a  bended 
pine.  Theseus  visited  him  with  righteous  retribu- 
tion by  fastening  him  to  his  own  pine. 

^  Simonides,  114  Bergk. 


98       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

The  coast  of  Argolis  drew  near,  and  the  calm  sea 
was  almost  glassy  in  its  smoothness.  We  could  see 
the  snow-topped  mountains  reflected  on  the  surface 
which  the  wildest  storms  cannot  reach.  Then  came 
the  Isthmus,  and  beyond  it  the  same  untroubled 
waters  till,  far  to  the  westward,  the  Gulf  of  Corinth 
expanded  and  the  mirrored  picture  came  to  an 
end. 

Strabo  ^  tells  us  that  the  eastern  end  of  the  Corin- 
thian Gulf  was  called  the  Halcyon  Lake.  No 
wonder  the  halcyon  chose  this  spot  for  her  nest  on 

"  The  ^  mild  ocean, 
Which  now  hath  quite  forgot  to  rave, 
While  birds  of  calm  sit  brooding  on  the  charmed 
wave.*' 

We  recall  the  words  of  Ale  man: 

"  Would,^  ah,  would  I  were  a  king  fisher, 
Who,  o'er  the  blossoming  of  the  sea, 
With  halcyons  flitteth 
With  heart  enduring 
Sea-purple  bird  of  the  Spring!  " 


1  Strabo,  viii.  336. 

2  Milton's  ode  on  the  morning  of  Christ's  nativity. 
'  Alcman,  36  Bergk. 


CORINTH 


Simonides  sings  of  the  halcyon: 

"  As  ^  when  the  fourteen  days  in  winter  month 

Zeus  calmeth  by  his  power; 
And  men  on  earth  have  named  the  time 

The  wind-forgotten  hour  — 
Her  holy  nursing  season  good 
Hath  then  the  Halcyon  many-hued." 

The  Isthmus  is  now  pierced  by  a  canal,  and  the 
isle  of  Pelops  is  really  an  island  at  last.  The  under- 
taking was  begun  by  Nero  and  abandoned  after 
a  considerable  amount  of  work  had  been  done. 
Near  the  western  end,  a  quaint  little  relief  of  the 
emperor  is  cut  in  the  cliff. 

The  canal  was  finished  in  1893,  but  is  too  narrow 
for  the  large  Mediterranean  steamers. 

A  Delphic  oracle  runs  as  follows: 

"  Wall  ^  not  the  Isthmus  nor  dig; 
An  Island  had  he  wished  it,  Zeus  had  made." 

Our  train  crossed  the  canal  on  a  bridge.  To  the 
westward,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  panoramas 
in  the  whole  of  Greece  was  unfolded.  The  towering 
Acrocorinthus  rose  full  in  view  and  behind  it  the 
loftier  heights  of  the  Peloponnesus.    Beyond  Chel- 

^  Simonides,  12  Bergk. 
*  Anthol..  xiv.  81. 


100     IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

mos,  glorious  Cyllene  lifted  his  crown  of  snow;  and 
across  the  Gulf  were  the  still  more  famous  heights 
of  Cithaeron,  HeUcon,  and  —  mightiest  of  all  — 
Parnassus.  The  Gulf  slept  in  the  sheltering  arms 
of  these  guardian  giants,  and  reflected  the  daz- 
zling white  of  their  summits,  as  it  was  gradually 
dulled  to  the  mournful  gray  of  their  sides,  and  at 
last  to  the  stern  red  of  their  sea-washed  feet.  The 
repose  of  the  scene  is  seldom  broken.  Occasionally 
the  tiny  sail  of  a  fishing  boat  can  be  seen,  more 
rarely  a  coastwise  steamer;  but  often  there  is  no 
sign  whatever  of  human  Ufe  upon  the  whole  expanse. 
We  left  the  train,  and  hastened  through  modern 
Corinth,  which,  save  for  the  beauty  of  its  situation, 
is  in  no  wise  noteworthy.  The  ancient  city,  too, 
until  a  few  years  ago,  would  have  served  only  as  a 
temporary  resting  place  for  those  whose  goal  was 
the  great  fortress.  Nothing  was  then  visible  except 
the  venerable  ruin  of  the  Temple  of  Apollo,  one  of 
the  oldest  Doric  temples  in  the  world.  Of  late, 
however,  the  excavations  conducted  by  the  Ameri- 
can School  have  brought  to  light  much  that  is  of 
interest.  The  once  magnificent  buildings  of  the 
fountain  of  Pirene  have  been  discovered,  and  many 
other  ancient  sites  have  been  excavated.  Nearly 
everything,  however,  is  in  such  ruin  that  a  feeling 
of  bewilderment  is  unavoidable.  Perhaps  also  a 
slight  disappointment  is  felt  that  a  city  so  brilliant 
in  all  worldly  aspects  should  have  perished  so  utterly. 


CORINTH .,'   ;1Q1; 


Dire  indeed  was  the  work  of  pillage  to  which  the 
rich  and  wicked  city  became  a  victim  when  Grecian 
freedom  fell  with  her  at  last. 

The  aged  temple  stands  on  high  ground  looking 
forth  over  the  Corinthian  Gulf.  It  is  a  very  sad 
temple.  When  the  rude  soldiery  of  Mummius 
trampled  underfoot  all  that  was  left  of  Hellenic 
independence  and  "  The  eye  of  Greece  "  was  dark- 
ened, this  venerable  mother  of  temples  had  lived 
too  long. 

"  Where  ^  is  thy  beauty  renowned  through  the  world, 
Oh  Dorian  Corinth? 

Where  is  thy  battlement  crown?  Where  thy  pro- 
cessions of  old? 

Where  are  thy  fanes  of  the  blest,  thy  palaces,  where 
are  thy  Matrons, 

Sisyphus'  daughters?  Thy  folk  numbered  by  myr- 
iads once? 

Ill-fated  one!  No  trace,  not  one  of  thy  glory  is  left 
thee. 

All  in  one  moment  consumed,  war  hath  devoured 
the  whole. 

Only  the  Nereid  nymphs,  the  daughters  immortal 
of  ocean 

Still  unharmed  we  survive.  Halcyon  birds  of  thy 

griefs."  ^ 

^  Anth.,  ix.  151  Antipater. 

2  Symonds'  "  Sketches  and  Studies  of  Italy  and  Greece " 
has  a  beautiful  paraphrase  of  this  lament. 


102     'IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 


We  toiled  up  the  steep  slope  of  the  Acrocorinthus, 
and  at  last  reached  the  top  and  rested  for  our  reward. 
The  view  was  glorious.  Not  only  can  one  gaze 
northward  over  the  prospect  we  already  know, 
but  eastward  spreads  the  Saronic  with  its  islands, 
and  far  off  on  a  clear  day  even  the  hill  of  Athens 
can  be  made  out.  South  and  west  rise  tier  after 
tier  of  mountains,  and  at  one's  feet  spreads  the 
fertile  plain  running  along  the  shore  of  the  Gulf  to 
ancient  Sicyon. 

One  of  the  finest  stories  in  Plutarch  is  the  account 
of  the  capture  by  Aratus  of  the  Acrocorinthus. 
"  The  ^  Acrocorinthus,  a  lofty  mountain,  growing 
up  from  the  midst  of  Greece,  when  it  is  garrisoned, 
.  .  .  renders  its  master  supreme  ...  so  that  the 
younger  Philip,  not  in  joke  but  truly,  called  the 
citadel  of  the  Corinthians  *  the  Chains  of  Greece.' 
.  .  .  Now  the  place  had  always  been  an  object  of 
contention  to  princes  and  potentates;  and  the 
eagerness  of  Antigonus  for  it  fell  short  in  no  respect 
of  the  maddest  of  passions."  Plutarch  tells  how 
Antigonus  obtained  the  fortress  by  fraud,  and 
prefaces  his  account  of  the  recapture  by  reflections 
concerning  the  glory  of  the  deed  of  Aratus  as  having 
been  done  in  behalf  of  all  Greece  against  a  Mace- 
donian foe,  whereas  the  exploits  of  Pelopidas  and 
Thrasybulus  —  to  which  he  compares  it  —  were 
done   against   Greeks   in   behalf  of  other   Greeks. 

^  Plutarch:  Vit.  Aratus,  xiv.  ff. 


CORINTH  103 


There  follows  an  account  of  the  scene  at  the  Bankers' 
in  Sicyon  where  the  brothers  who  had  stolen  some 
of  the  king's  gold  came  to  deposit  their  booty. 
Aratus  was  a  friend  of  the  banker,  who  had  learned 
from  one  of  the  brothers  of  the  existence  of  a  hidden 
weak  spot  in  the  fortifications  of  the  citadel.  An 
agreement  was  made  by  which  for  a  large  bribe 
one  of  the  thieves  was  to  lead  Aratus  to  this  spot. 
An  accident  nearly  ruined  the  whole  plan.  Tech- 
non,  the  servant  of  Aratus,  had  been  sent  to  make  a 
preliminary  examination  of  the  place,  and  meeting 
one  of  the  brothers  who  knew  nothing  of  the  plot, 
revealed  to  him  his  errand.  This  brother  proved 
a  traitor,  and  was  about  to  deliver  Technon  to  the 
authorities,  when  the  right  brother  appeared,  and 
instantly  perceiving  the  situation,  made  a  sign  to 
T6chnon  to  flee.  Technon  leaped  from  the  rock 
where  he  stood  and  escaped.  Aratus,  not  daunted 
by  this  set-back  to  his  plans,  sent  money  to  bribe 
the  traitorous  brother  to  silence,  and  having  gained 
possession  of  his  person,  locked  him  in  a  dungeon 
for  greater  security.  When  all  the  preparations 
were  complete,  Aratus  chose  a  band  of  four  hundred 
followers  who  were  ignorant  of  his  purpose. 

''  It^  was  midsummer  and  the  time  of  the  full 
moon.  The  night  was  cloudless,  and  the  flashing 
of  the  weapons,  reflecting  the  rays  of  the  moon, 
caused  fear  that  they  might  not  elude  the  garrison. 

^  Plutarch:  Vit ,  Aratus,  xxi. 


104       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

When,  however,  the  leaders  drew  near,  clouds  ran 
up  from  the  sea  and  covered  the  citadel  itself  and 
the  region  outside  which  became  overshadowed." 
Bare-footed  they  climbed  the  ladders  and  slew  the 
watchers  at  the  wall.  Plutarch  describes  the  wild 
scene  within  the  fortress ;  the  awakened  citizens,  the 
trumpets,  the  moving  torches,  and  the  hand-to-hand 
combat.  In  one  place,  Aratus  found  himself  be- 
wildered in  the  dark  windings  among  the  rocks 
which  had  caused  him  to  lose  the  road.  Then  the 
moon  is  said  "  in  wondrous  wise  "  to  have  dispersed 
the  clouds  and  pointed  out  to  him  the  path.  No 
sooner  had  he  regained  it,  than  clouds  collected  and 
the  shadows  covered  all  once  more.  Again  the 
combat  raged  with  varying  fortunes,  but  at  last 
the  Uberators  held  the  height  just  as  the  "  day 
was  beginning  to  glow,  and  the  sun  shone  upon  the 
task  accomplished."  Then  the  main  body  of  the 
troops  of  Aratus  arrived  from  Sicyon  and  the  royal 
garrison  were  made  prisoners.  Plutarch  goes  on 
to  describe  the  scene  in  the  theatre  in  the  city  below, 
where  the  people  thronged  to  see  the  victor  and  to 
hear  his  words.  "  He  ^  advanced  from  his  tent  into 
the  midst,  armed,  and  with  his  countenance  altered 
by  reason  of  weariness  and  sleeplessness,  so  that  the 
joy  and  exultation  of  his  soul  seemed  overcome  by 
the  languor  which  depressed  his  frame.  But  when 
the  people  at  his  approach  poured  themselves  out  in 
^  Plutarch:  Vit.  Aratus,  xxiii. 


CORINTH  105 


congratulation,  he  took  into  his  hand  his  spear,  and 
leaning  slightly  upon  it,  he  stood  for  a  long  time 
listening  to  their  applause  and  shouts  in  praise  of 
his  valour  and  envy  of  his  good  fortune.  And  when 
they  ceased,  he  collected  himself,  and  delivered 
a  speech  in  behalf  of  the  Achaeans  appropriate  to  his 
exploit,  and  bade  the  Corinthians  adopt  the  Achaean 
cause  as  their  own.  Then  he  gave  them  the  key  of 
the  gates  now  for  the  first  time  in  their  control  since 
the  times  of  Philip." 

The  walls  of  the  Acrocorinthus  were  built  and 
rebuilt,  captured  and  recaptured,  many  and  many 
a  time  during  the  dark  ages  of  Grecian  thraldom, 
and  in  the  war  which  brought  freedom  at  last. 
Churches  and  dwellings  cover  the  enclosure,  but  of 
these  there  is  little  left  but  ruin.  We  descended  into 
a  cavern  and  drank  the  waters  of  Pirene,  which 
supplied  —  so  we  are  told  —  the  great  fountain 
building  in  the  city  below.  Like  Hippocrene  on 
Mount  Helicon,  the  fountain  was  created  by  the 
hoof  of  Pegasus  who  sprang  hence  to  the  sky.  It 
was  granted  to  Sisyphus  for  playing  informer  as  is 
related  in  the  annals  of  Aegina.* 

As  the  sun  declined  we  reluctantly  descended  and, 

^  The  account  of  the  origin  of  Pirene  as  given  by  Pausanias 
in  his  chapter  on  Corinth  is  more  poetical.  Pirene  was  once 
a  woman,  but  was  changed  to  a  fountain  through  weeping  for 
her  son,  Cenchrias,  who  had  been  unintentionally  slain  by 
Artemis. 


106    IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

pausing  for  farewell  to  the  mournful  temple  in  the 
ancient  town,  we  mounted  our  carriage  and  drove 
to  modern  Corinth  for  the  night. 


CHAPTER   VII 

MYCENAE 

The  road  from  Corinth  to  Nauplia  took  us  quickly 
from  the  coast,  winding  round  the  Eastern  end  of 
the  AcrocorinthuS;  and  passing  the  little  village 
of  Hexamilia.  This  town  was  the  scene  of  chari- 
table labours  on  the  part  of  Dr.  S.  G.  Howe, 
who  here  estabhshed  a  colony  for  the  refugees  who 
fled  from  Turkish  cruelty  in  1828. 

Far  to  the  left  we  could  see  the  Arachnaean  heights, 
the  last  station  of  the  famous  beacon  signal  on  its 
journey  from  Troy  to  proclaim  to  the  watchers  on 
the  palace  of  Agamemnon  that  the  city  had  fallen 
at  last. 

Chorus:  *   "  And  how  could  tidings  with  such  speed 

have  come?  " 
Clytemnestra:    "  Hephaestus    sent    from    Ida    his 

bright  gleam; 
And,  torch  succeeding  torch,  the  courier  fire 
Sped  hither  —  Ida  to  the  Lemnian  Crag 
Of  Hermes  flashed  the  tidings.     From  the  Isle, 

1  Aeschylus:  Ag.,  271-302. 

107 


108      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Mount  Athos  caught  the  mighty  beacon  third. 

Then,  rising  high  to  overarch  the  sea, 

This  joy-fraught  strength  of  travelHng  torch  sped 

on. 
This  pine  knot,  and  like  some  gold-blazing  sun 
To  watch  upon  Macistus  bore  the  gleam  — 
Who  loitered  not  o'ercome  by  heedless  sleep, 
But  passed  his  portion  of  the  tidings  on. 
The  beacon's  light  to  far  Euripus  came. 
And  signalled  to  Messapium's  guards  the  news. 
Answering  the  blaze,  they  urged  the  message  on, 
Kindhng  with  fire  a  heap  of  withered  brush. 
In   strength  the   glare   with    brightness    still    un- 

dimmed. 
Leaping  across  Asopus'  Plain,  as  'twere 
A  shining  moon,  attained  Cithaeron's  crag, 
And  waked  new  relay  of  the  envoy-fire. 
Nor  did  the  watch  deny  a  far-sent  beam, 
But  kindled  one  yet  greater  than  before. 
And  over  Lake  Gorgopis  darts  the  light 
And  hastening  on  to  Aegiplanctus'  Cliff, 
Urges  that  meed  of  fire  be  not  delayed. 
Kindhng  with  force  ungrudged  a  mighty  beard 
Of  flame  they  Ught,  and  send  to  pass  beyond 
The  headland  guarding  the  Saronic  Strait 
With  blaze  unfaiUng  —    Then  it  came  and  lodged 
On  Arachnaean  steep,  town-neighbouring  heights. 
Then  here  on  the  Atridae's  roof  it  rests. 
This  light,  true  progeny  of  Ida's  fire.'' 


MYCENAE  109 


We  traversed  the  domain  of  Cleonae,  the  rival  of 
Corinth  in  early  days,  and  wound  through  rugged 
passes  among  desolate  towering  cHffs,  one  of  which 
contains  a  cave  which  we  are  told  was  the  lair  of  the 
dreadful  Nemean  Lion.  One  of  the  twelve  labours 
of  Heracles  imposed  on  him  by  his  oppressor  Eurys- 
theus  of  Tiryns  was  to  bring  him  the  hide  of  the 
Lion  of  Nemea. 

"  Now  ^  this  was  an  invulnerable  monster  be- 
gotten of  Typhon.  On  his  journey  then  in  search 
of  the  lion,  he  came  to  Cleonae,  and  was  entertained 
by  the  craftsman  Molorchus.  And  when  the  latter 
would  fain  have  offered  a  victim  in  sacrifice  [Hera- 
cles] bade  him  wait  till  the  thirtieth  day;  and  if  he 
should  return  safe  from  the  hunt,  to  sacrifice  to 
Zeus  the  DeHverer;  but  if  he  should  perish,  then 
to  sanctify  the  victim  to  him  as  a  hero.  And  having 
come  to  Nemea  and  sought  out  the  lion,  he  first  shot 
at  it  with  arrows.  But  when  he  perceived  that  the 
beast  was  invulnerable,  he  lifted  up  his  club  and 
gave  chase.  And  when  the  lion  fled  into  a  cave 
with  two  mouths,  Heracles  blocked  up  one  entrance, 
and  through  the  other  he  entered  in  pursuit  of  the 
beast,  and  throwing  his  arm  around  its  throat, 
held  squeezing  fast  until  he  choked  it.  Then  he 
threw  it  across  his  shoulders,  and  fetched  it  to 
Cleonae.  And  finding  Molorchus  on  the  last  of  the 
days  on  the  point  of  consecrating  the  sacrificial 

1  ApoUod.,  ii.  5.  1  ff. 


110      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

victim  to  him  as  dead,  he  offered  sacrifice  instead  to 
Zeus  the  Deliverer,  and  carried  the  lion  to  My- 
cenae." Apollodorus  tells  us  further  that  the 
famous  club  was  cut  in  these  very  woods. 

Pindar  ^  speaks  of  "  deep-soiled  Nemea;  "  but  the 
character  of  the  country  to-day  is  indeed  changed, 
and  the  "  deep  soil  "  has  been  washed  away  by  the 
storms  of  the  ages.  There  is  scarcely  a  human 
habitation  to  be  seen.  Here  and  there  a  patch  of 
green  offers  scanty  pasture  to  a  herd  of  goats.  It 
is  a  lonely  land,  not  however  without  a  certain 
harsh  beauty,  and  the  wild  flowers  and  the  laughing 
river  whose  course  we  follow  lend  cheerfulness  to  the 
scene.  The  Nemean  Games  took  place  at  a  spot 
some  twelve  miles  to  the  westward  of  our  road, 
but  we  had  not  time  to  turn  aside  for  a  visit  to 
the  remains  of  the  ancient  temple,  stadium  and 
theatre. 

From  Nemea  the  road  descended  and  of  a  sudden 
a  glorious  prospect  unfolded  itself.  Far  across  the 
plain  of  "  thirsty  Argos,"  sparkled  the  Gulf  of 
Nauplia.  On  the  right  we  could  see  the  snowy 
tops  of  the  Laconian  Mountains,  and  on  the  left  the 
Argolid  peaks,  their  foot  hills  running  out  in  a 
peninsula  whereon  we  could  just  discern  the  fortified 
promontory  which  was  Nauplia.  The  white  houses 
of  Argos  were  visible  opposite  Nauplia,  in  the  south 
western  corner  of  the  plain.    Near  at  hand  upon  our 

^  Pindar:  Nem.,  iii.  18. 


MYCENAE  111 


left  two  mountains  formed  a  sharp  angle  in  which 
rose  the  citadel  of  Mycenae. 

"  Mycenae  rich  in  gold  ...  in  the  inner  heart  of 
horse-nurturing  Argos/'  Homer  calls  it;  and  a  visit 
to  the  national  museum  at  Athens,  where  its  treas- 
ures are  preserved,  convinces  the  traveller  that  the 
epithet  is  well  deserved.  We  were  in  the  land  of  the 
awful  tragedies  of  the  house  of  Pelops.  Argos  and 
Mycenae  and  Tiryns  have  become  so  blended  in  the 
stories  told  by  the  great  poets,  that  it  is  not  easy 
to  assign  each  legend  to  its  proper  scene. 

We  cHmbed  the  long  hill  leading  from  the  plain 
to  the  gate  of  the  ancient  city,  and  paused  for  a 
while  to  visit  the  wonderful  "  Bee  Hive  tomb  " 
called  the  *'  Treasury  of  Atreus."  The  slope  con- 
tains many  such  tombs,  but  this  is  far  the  finest.  Yet 
we  are  not  to  beUeve  that  the  royal  family  had  their 
burial  here,  but  rather  that  they  may  probably  have 
been  tenants  of  the  graves  assigned  them  by  Schlie- 
mann  in  the  acropolis  itself. 

Over  the  gate  of  the  citadel  which  we  approached 
after  a  turn  in  the  road  are  the  great  lions.  They 
stand  in  heraldic  fashion  on  either  side  of  a  column 
in  relief  half  facing  the  spectator.  The  heads 
have  disappeared,  but  the  splendid  animals  guard 
the  citadel  gate  in  lordly  fashion  still.  We  passed 
under  the  gigantic  lintel,  and  found  ourselves  at 
the  entrance  of  the  strange  enclosure  where  the 
unhappy  royal  family  obtained  rest  at  last. 


112      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

We  climbed  some  ancient  steps  and  tried  to  de- 
cipher the  puzzle  of  the  palace  ruins.  These  shat- 
tered walls  have  witnessed  terrible  scenes.  We 
recalled  the  horrid  banquet  of  the  children  of  Thy- 
estes,  the  unholy  revels  of  the  queen  while  her  lord 
was  far  away  in  Troy,  and  she,  after  weary  waiting 
and  long  angry  grief  for  her  sacrificed  Iphigenia,  had 
consoled  herself  in  the  unhallowed  love  of  Aegisthus, 
her  husband's  deadliest  foe.  The  women's  apart- 
ments too  reminded  us  of  the  sad  neglected  life 
of  the  princess  Electra,  after  she  had  sent  her  little 
brother  to  be  brought  up  far  away  from  the  dangers 
at  home.  In  front  of  the  palace  we  seemed  to  listen 
to  the  eager  discussions  of  the  elders  of  the  town 
as  they  passed  from  mouth  to  mouth  the  news,  which 
the  torch  from  Ida  had  conveyed,  that  Troy  had 
fallen.  And  we  could  hear  their  words  of  grief  not 
unmingled  with  mutterings  of  resentment. 

Chorus:  "  For  ^  those  who  departed 

From  the  Grecian  land  together 
Grief  in  the  heart  enduring 
In  the  home  of  each  is  seen. 

Ay!    There  be  many  things  that  touch  the  heart! 

"  For  those  whom  one  sent  forth 
He  well  remembereth  — 
No  living  men  but  urns  and  ashes 
To  the  home  of  each  return  — 
» Aeschylus:  Ag.,  418-444.    Chorus. 


MYCENAE  113 


"  Ares,  Gold-Broker  of  men's  bodies, 
Scale-Holder  in  the  conflict  of  the  spear, 
Sendeth  from  lUum  to  loved  ones 
Fire-blackened  dust  and  grievous  — 

For  bitter  weeping. 
Packing  the  vessels  close  with  dust 

Instead  of  living  men. 

"  And  thus  they  mourn:  — 
Praising  one  hero,  how  in  battle  skilled; 
A  second  fallen  glorious  in  fight. 
All  for  another's  wife. 

"  And  silently  they  mutter  other  things, 
And  grief,  with  ill-will  mingled, 
Stealthily  creepeth  in  their  hearts  against 
The  champion  Atridae. 

"  But  ah,  those  others  yonder  lie 
In  all  their  loveliness  beneath  the  walls. 
In  tombs  on  Ilian  soil. 
The  foeman's  earth  hath  covered  them." 

We  picture  to  ourselves  the  triumphant  return  of 
the  king,  and  the  proud  crimson  spread  for  him 
to  tread  as  he  alights  from  his  chariot. 

Clytemnestra:  ^    "  But  now,   beloved   life,   I  pray 
descend 
»Aesc.:  Ag.,  878  fif. 


114      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

From  this  thy  car,  Oh  King,  nor  set  thy  foot, 
Backer  of  Ilium,  on  the  common  earth. 
Slaves!    Wherefore  loiter,  unto  whom  to  strew 
The  path  with  tapestries  hath  been  ordained? 
Straightway  a  road  of  purple  be  prepared 
That  Justice  lead  him  to  unhoped-for  home." 


Agamemnon:  "  Nay,  do  not  pamper  me  in  woman's 

wise. 
Nor,  like  barbarian,  prone  obeisance  gape, 
Nor  spread  with  garments  envy-breeding  way. 
For  gods  alone  such  worship  be  reserved! 
But  for  a  mortal  on  embroidered  gauds 
To  tread,  to  me  is  no  wise  free  from  fear. 
As  man  I  bid  ye  greet  me,  not  as  God. 
Apart  from  footmats  and  from  needlework 
My  fame  proclaimeth  me.     A  righteous  mind 
Is  Heaven's  best  gift;  and  him  alone  deem  blest, 
His  days  who  endeth  in  prosperity. 
If  thus  I  ever  fare,  no  dread  is  mine." 
Clytemnestra:  "  Nay,  say  not  thus,  opposing  will  of 

mine." 
Agamemnon:  "  Know,    this    opinion   I    will    ne'er 

unsay." 
Clytemnestra:  "  'Twas   fear  that   made   thee  vow 

thou  thus  wouldst  do." 
Agamemnon:  "  Yea,  if  a  vow  with  knowledge  e'er 

was  made." 


MYCENAE  115 


Clytemnestra:  "  And  how  had  Priam  done  if  victor 

he?" 
Agamemnon:   "  Indeed  on  broidered  garments  he 

had  trod!" 
Clytemnestra:    "  Then   fear  not   blame   from  any 

human  tongue." 


Agamemnon:  "Well,  if  thou^lt  have  it  so,  let  some- 
one loose 
With  haste  my  sandals,  servants  of  my  feet, 
And  as  I  tread  these  ocean-crimsoned  dyes, 
May  eye  of  Envy  strike  not  from  afar. 
For  I  am  loath  with  garment-spoiling  feet. 
This  wealth  of  silver-purchased  web  to  waste. 


But  since  thou  hast  prevailed  on  me  to  hear. 
Treading  on  purple  I  approach  these  halls." 

We  seem  to  hear  the  shrieks  of  the  shrinking 
Cassandra,  who  lifts  her  eyes  and  sees  the  horrid 
vision  of  the  murdered  infants. 

Cassandra:^    "  Apollo,  Apollo,  God  of  Ways,  De- 
stroyer! 
Ah  whither  hast  thou  led  me,  to  what  halls? 

»Aesc.:  Ag.,  1052  ff. 


116      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Hated  of  Heaven  indeed,  conscious  of  many  a  crime, 

Domestic  murder  and  the  deadly  noose. 

Shambles   of   human   blood,    sprinkled    upon   the 

ground/' 
Chorus:  "  Keen-scented   doth   the  stranger  seem, 

like  hound 
She  tracketh  blood  of  those  she  too  shall  find." 
Cassandra:  "  Alas!    Alas! 

Yonder  my  witnesses,  thence  my  conviction  drawn! 
Yon  infants,  wailing  loud  their  massacre; 
WaiUng  the  roasted  flesh  by  their  own  sire  de- 

vour'd! '' 
Chorus:    "  In  truth  thy  fame  prophetic  we  had 

heard, 
But  at  this  hour  we  seek  no  prophets  here." 
Cassandra:  **  Alas!  ah  me!  what  can  be  planning  now? 
What  this  fresh  deed  of  woe? 
A  mighty  crime  is  plotting  in  these  halls, 
Unbearable  to  friends,  incurable. 
And  help  is  far  away." 
Chorus:  "  Of  these  thy  warnings,  I  am  all  unskilled 
But  those  I  knew.    The  town  doth  speak  of  them." 
Cassandra:  "  Ah!    wretched  woman,  wilt  thou  do 
this  deed? 

The  husband  of  thy  bed 
Washed  in  the  bath  — 
How  shall  I  speak  the  end? 
With  speed  this  deed  shall  be;  and  after  hand 
The  hand  outstretcheth." 


MYCENAE  117 


Chorus:  "  I  understand  not;   after  riddles  now 

I  am  bewildered  by  thy  warnings  dark.'' 
Cassandra:   "  Woe!    Woe!    Alas!    Alas!     What  is 
yon  sight  I  see? 

Surely  some  net  of  Hell! 
Ah!  but  the  snare  is  She,  wife  of  his  wedded  couch, 
Sharing  the  guilt  of  his  death.  —  Now  let  the  Fury 

band 
Shriek  o'er  the  hated  race  for  a  victim  by  stoning 

slain!  " 
Chorus:   "  What  Fury  this  thou  biddest  o'er  this 

house 
To  raise  the  shout?    Thy  words  no  joy  portend. 
But  to  my  heart  hath  fled 
The  blood-drop,  crocus-dyed, 
Blood,  that  in  death  distilled  its  course  doth  end 

With  the  rays  of  sinking  life." 
Cassandra:  "  Woe!  Woe!  Behold!  Behold! 
Keep  from  the  cow  the  bull! 
Lo,  in  a  robe  she  hath  caught 
And  with  black  horn  smiteth  him. 
Yea,  and  he  falleth  down 
In  the  bath  with  water  filled. 
I  tell  thee  the  vessel's  tale,  the  vessel  of  treason  and 

death." 
Chorus:  "  Of  oracles  I  boast  not  to  be  skilled 
But  to  some  horror  I  must  liken  this  — 
Ah!  but  from  Oracles 
Tidings  of  good  to  men, 


\   - 
118      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

When  they  are  sent?    For  lo, 

Only  through  woes  these  arts, 

Uttered  with  many  words,  god-spoken  terror  bring.'' 

Cassandra:   "  Woe's  me!     Ill  fated  lot  of  me,  the 

wretched! 
Of  my  own  doom  thou  speakest  further  now  — 
Ah!  whither  hast  thou  led  me,  the  unhappy? 
For  naught  but  that  I  die  with  him.    How  else?  '* 
Chorus:   "  Thou  art  some  frenzied  one,  possessed  of 
Heaven, 

And  of  thyself  thou  singest 
A  strain  that  is  no  strain. 
As  the  brown-bright  nightingale, 
Insatiate  of  lament, 
In  her  heart  unhappy  ever. 
Her  Itys,  Itys,  wailing  — 
Her  Hfe  so  rich  in  sorrow." 
Cassandra:  "  Alas!  Alas!  —  Fate  of  the  clear- voiced 
nightingale! 

For  lo,  to  her  the  gods 
A  winged  form  have  given. 
And  life  of  sweetness,  free  from  true  lamenting; 
But  ah!  for  me  awaiteth 
Cleaving  with  sword  two-edged." 
Chorus:  "  Whence  these  vain  heaven  sent  pangs 
Upon  thee  hastening? 
And  with  cry  ill  omened. 
Thou  fashionest  a  note  of  fear, 
Mingled  with  shrill-pitched  strains. 


MYCENAE  119 


Whence  hast  thou  learned  these  limits  of  the  path 

Of  heavenly  speech  ill-uttered?  " 
Cassandra:  "  Woe  for  the  bridal,  the  bridal 
Of  Paris,  the  bale  of  dear  ones. 
Alas  Scamander's  stream  ancestral! 
There  was  I  nurtured,  luckless  one, 
Beside  thy  banks. 
But  now  beside  Cocytus 
And  shores  of  Acheron, 
I  soon  methinks  shall  utter  prophecy." 
Chorus:  "  What  is  this  word  thou  speakest  all  too 
plain? 

Even  a  child  might  understand. 
And    'neath     my     heart     a     bleeding    bite    hath 
smitten. 

As  thou  bemoanest  plaintively 
Thy  grievous  destiny  — 
Marvels  for  me  to  hear!  " 
Cassandra:  "  Woe  for  the  sorrows,  the  sorrows 
Of  my  city  all  undone! 
Ah,  sacrifices  offered  by  my  sire 
To  save  our  walls,  and  slaughterings  of  sheep! 

But  remedy  they  brought  not 
But  that  my  country  fall  as  e'en  she  fell. 
But  I  with  frenzied  heart  will  soon 
Fling  me  upon  the  ground!  " 
Chorus:  "  Consistent  with  thy  former  words 
These  thou  hast  uttered  now. 
And  some  ill-willing  demon  from  above 


120      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Heavily  falling  on  thee,  causeth  thee 
To  sing  these  lamentable  death-fraught  strains. 

But  for  the  end  I  am  perplexed." 
Cassandra:  "  The  word  no  longer  then  shall  from  a 

veil 
Peep  forth,  in  fashion  of  a  bride  new  wed, 
But  blowing  clear  against  the  rising  sun 
Shall  come,  and  like  a  billow  it  shall  dash 
Against  his  beams,  far  greater  than  the  woes 
It  told  before.    No  more  in  riddles  now! 
And  bear  me  witness,  as  I  run  along 
Scenting  the  track  of  ill  wrought  long  ago. 
For  never  shall  the  troop  desert  these  halls, 
Of  horrors,  chanting  harmony  unblest; 
And  having  drunken,  and  become  more  bold, 
Of  human  blood,  within  the  house  shall  bide 
The  band  of  Furies,  home-bred,  unexpelled.  — 
And,  seated  in  the  house,  shall  hymn  their  strain 
Of  primal  horror,  and  in  turn  they  loathe 
The  brother's  couch  defiled  and  him  who  sinned.  — 
Hath  my  shaft  missed?    Or  hath  the  archer  sped? 
Or  am  I  prophet  false  and  beggar  vain? 
Bear  witness  swearing,  by  no  mere  report 
I  know  the  ancient  horrors  of  the  house. 

Cassandra:  "  Woe!  Woe!  Alas!  the  horrors! 
Once  more  the  labour  of  true  prophecy 
Stingeth  with  dread  disturbing  prelude-chant. 
Behold  yon  infants  seated  in  the  halls 


MYCENAE  121 


Like  in  their  shapes  to  forms  beheld  in  dreams! 
Those  children,  as  it  were  by  dear  ones  slain, 
Their  hands  with  kindred  food  of  their  own  flesh 
Filled,  and  the  entrails  —  burden  pitiful!  — 
Which  their  own  sire  did  taste  —  behold  them  there! 
Vengeance  for  this  I  say  one  plotteth  now, 
Cowardly  Hon,  dallying  in  the  couch. 
Home  keeping  —  woe  is  me,  —  against  my  lord 
Returning,  mine,  for  yoke  of  slave  I  bear. 
The  lord  of  ships,  the  conqueror  of  Troy 
Naught  knoweth  what  the  tongue  of  the  foul  dog 
Speaking  in  flattering  words,  with  joyous  mien, 
Like  lurking  hell,  shall  cause  in  dark  event. 
Such  is  her  daring.    Of  the  man  the  woman 
Is  slayer  foul  —  then  calling  her  what  name 
Of  hateful  beast,  might  I  attain  the  mark? 
Some  basilisk  or  Scylla,  'mid  the  rocks 
Lurking,  destruction  to  the  seafarer? 
Hell's  raging  mother,  breathing  truceless  curse 
Upon  the  house?    And  how  she  raised  the  cry 
Of  joy,  —  audacious  —  as  at  turn  of  fight! 
Feigning  delight  her  lord  was  safe  returned. 
These  things  I  care  not  if  thou  dost  beUeve. 
The  future  cometh.    Soon  lamenting  thou 
Too  true  a  prophet  shalt  pronounce  me  then." 
Chorus:  "  Thyestes'  feast  of  flesh  of  children  slain 
I  recognize  with  horror,  and  I  fear 
Things  heard  in  truth  nor  by  simiHtude. 
But  for  the  rest  I  wander  from  the  track." 


122      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Cassandra:    *^  King    Agamemnon    murdered    thou 

shalt  see!  " 
Chorus:     "  Unhappy    woman!     Hush    ill-omened 

tongue! " 
Cassandra:    "  No  Healing-god  presideth  o'er  this 

word.'' 
Chorics:   "  If  ill  befall  —  but  may  it  ne'er  betide!  " 
Cassandra:  "  Thou  prayest.    They  the  deed  of  death 

prepare." 
Chorus:   "  What  man  committeth  such  a  deed  of 

woe?  " 
Cassandra:    "  Surely   my  imprecations  thou  hast 

missed." 
Chorum:  "  The  doer's  scheme  I  fail  to  comprehend." 
Cassandra:  ''  Yet  I  too  well  have  learned  the  Hellene 

tongue." 
Chorus:  "  Yea,  and  the  Pythian  oracles  obscure." 
Cassandra:  "  Alas  the  fire!    It  cometh  on  again! 
Apollo,  King  Lycaean,  woe  is  me! 
Yonder  two  footed  lioness,  with  wolf 
Paired,  in  the  absence  of  the  Uon  kingly, 
Will  slay  me  wretched  one,  and  as  a  drug 
Mingling,  she  boasted  in  the  cup  of  wrath 
To  fling  for  me  the  quittance,  while  the  sword 
She  sharpeneth  for  her  husband,  paying  thus 
Murder  for  me  whom  he  hath  carried  off. 
Why  then  these  trappings  keep  of  mockery 
Staff  and  prophetic  garlands  on  my  neck? 
You  first,  ere  my  own  death,  I  will  destroy. 


MYCENAE  123 


Go  to  perdition  flung  —  I  follow  soon. 

Enrich  some  other  Fury  in  my  place. 

Behold  Apollo  stripping  me  himself 

Of  robe  prophetic,  looking  on  in  scqrn 

On  me  in  these  adornments  greatly  mocked, 

By  friends,  by  foes,  too  plainly  without  cause. 


Yet  not  dishonoured  of  the  gods  I  die. 

Another  champion  of  my  cause  shall  come, 

By  mother's  death  a  father  to  avenge  — 

Though  now  a  wandering  exile  from  this  land, 

Stranger  afar,  he  cometh,  for  his  friends 

To  place  the  cap-stone  on  these  deeds  of  woe. 

For  mighty  is  the  oath  the  gods  have  sworn, 

His  murdered  father's  fall  shall  bring  him  home. 

Why  then  do  I  make  piteous  lament 

When  once  I  have  beheld  my  Ilium 

Faring  as  she  hath  fared  —  and  those  who  took 

Requited  thus  by  judgment  of  the  gods? 

I  go  to  meet  my  fate,  will  dare  to  die. 

But  yonder  gates  of  Hades  I  address. 

And  pray  I  may  receive  a  fatal  blow. 

That  free  from  struggle,  Ufe-blood  ebbing  fast, 

In  death  at  last  I  close  mine  eyes  to  rest." 

Chorus:  "  Woman  of  many  sorrows,  wise  in  much. 

Long  hast  thou  stretched  the  tale,  but  if  in  truth 

Thy  doom  thou  knowest,  why  like  god-sped  ox 

Dost  thou  so  bravely  to  the  altar  tread?  " 


124      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Cassandra:    "  Escape,  oh  strangers,  can  no  longer 

be." 
Chorus:  "  Yet  is  the  last  in  time  the  gainer  held." 
Cassandra:    "  My  day  is  come.     I  little  gain  by 

flight." 
Chorus:  "  Know  thou  art  brave  and  of  enduring 

soul." 
Cassandra:  "  The  happy  never  hear  such  words  of 

praise." 
Chorum:  "  Yet  to  die  nobly  is  esteemed  a  boon." 
Cassandra:  "  Alas  my  father  and  thy  noble  race!  " 
Chorus:  "  Nay  what  is  this?    What  dread  doth  turn 

thee  back?  " 
Cassandra:  "  Woe!   Woe! " 

Chorus:    "  Why  criest  thus?    Some  hateful  phan- 
tasy? " 
Cassandra:   "  Blood-dripping  massacre  these  halls 

breathe  forth." 
Chorum:    "  Nay,  of  domestic  sacrifice  it  smelleth." 
Cassandra:   "  Behold  a  vapour,  hke  as  from  the 

tomb." 
Chorus:   "  No  Syrian  decking  of  the  house  thou 

namest." 
Cassandra:  "  I  go,  and  in  the  halls  will  shriek  my 

doom 
And  Agamemnon's  —  Now  enough  of  life! 

Alas!  oh  strangers! 
Not  idly  as  a  bird  doth  dread  the  bush, 
I  shrink  —  Bear  witness  after  I  am  gone, 


MYCENAE  125 


When  woman  shall  for  me  a  woman  fall, 

And  man,  in  recompense  for  man  ill- wed. 

I  claim  this  boon  as  one  about  to  die." 

Chorus:  '^  Unhappy  one,  I  pity  this  thy  doom." 

Cassandra:  "  One  word  I  fain  would  add,  not  mine 

own  dirge; 
But  this  last  ray  of  sunUght  I  invoke, 
That  my  avengers  in  full  measure  pay 
Requital  on  my  slaughterers  abhorred, 
For  murdered  slave  —  an  easy  victory! 
Ah  mortal  fortunes!    If  they  happy  be. 
Like  to  a  shadow  they!    But  be  they  ill, 
A  wetted  sponge  doth  blot  the  picture  out. 
And  these  I  pity  far  more  than  the  rest." 

Here  is  the  chamber  where  the  fatal  bath  was 
prepared;  there  the  palace  doorway  where  the 
exultant  queen  boasted  of  her  victory  and  showed 
her  murdered  lord  to  the  angry  people. 

Clytemnestra:    "  I^  stand   where   I   did   strike  — 

The  deed  is  done. 
And  so  I  wrought,  this  will  I  not  deny. 
That  neither  could  he  flee  nor  fend  his  doom. 
A  net  with  outlet  none,  as  'twere  for  fish, 
I  cast  about  him,  fatal  wealth  of  robe. 
And  struck  him  twice  —  and  straightway  with  two 

groans 
^  Aeschylus:  Ag.,  1530. 


126      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

His  limbs  relaxed,  and  prostrate  as  he  lay, 
To  fill  the  tale  of  blows,  I  struck  a  third, 
To  Saviour  Zeus  below  a  votive  boon. 
Falling,  he  panted  thus  his  life  away, 
And,  gasping  forth  sharp  jet  of  blood,  he  cast 
On  me  a  torrent  dark  of  sanguine  dew. 
And  I  rejoiced  no  less  than  planted  field 
At  earing- time,  in  wealth  from  heaven  poured 
Thus  matters  stand.  Oh  Argive  deputies. 
Ye  may  rejoice  or  not,  but  I  exult. 
And  if  'twere  seemly  on  a  corpse  to  pour 
Libation,  I  had  more  than  justly  poured  — 
Such  bowl  of  cursings  in  this  house  this  man 
Filled,  and  himself  on  his  return  hath  drunk. '^ 


Clytemnestra:    "  .  .  .  At  ^  my  hand  he  fell, 

I  too  will  bury  him; 
But  not  with  lamentations  from  the  halls  attending. 
Iphigenia  his  daughter,  as  is  meet. 
With  welcome  shall  her  father  greet. 
By  the  swift  stream  descending 
To  world  of  woe; 
And  round  him  in  embrace 
Her  arms  shall  throw." 

Chorus:  "  Lo,  chiding  new  for  chiding  in  rebuttal: 
But  hard  the  cause  to  judicate. 

^Aeschylus:  Ag.,  1530. 


MYCENAE  127 


Spoiled  is  the  spoiler,  and  the  slayer  payeth. 
Abideth  fixed,  while  Zeus  is  on  his  throne, 
The  doer  suffer  —  Such  the  law  of  Fate." 

Here  too  is  the  spot  where  in  after  time  her  own 
son  Orestes  plunged  his  sword  into  the  breast  she 
held  toward  him  in  despairing  suppUcation. 

Clytemnestra:  "  Ah  ^  me!    Thy  riddle  I  too  well  can 

read. 
I  fall  by  treason,  as  in  truth  I  slew. 
Let  some  one  quickly  bring  a  murderous  ax! 
I'll  know  if  victor  or  if  vanquished  I. 
For  to  this  pitch  of  evil  I  am  come." 
Orestes:   "  Thee,  thee,  I  seek.     Thy  partner  hath 

enough." 
Clytemnestra:    "  Alas!    Aegisthus  dearest,  art  thou 

dead?  " 
Orestes:  "  Thou  lov'st  the  fellow?    Therefore  in  one 

tomb 
Thou'lt  lie,  and  never  him  in  death  forsake." 
Clytemnestra:  "  Hold!  child  of  mine,  and  reverence 

this  breast. 
At  which  thou  hast,  in  infant  slumber,  oft 
Sucked   with  thy  gums  the  milk  that  nourished 

thee." 
Orestes:  "  Oh  Pylades!    Dare  I  my  mother  slay?  " 
Pylades:  "  Where  else  the  Oracles  of  Loxias 
^Aesc:  Choeph.,  873  ff. 


128      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Uttered  at  Pytho?    And  the  pledges  sure? 

Hold  all  men  hostile  rather  than  the  gods." 

Orestes:  "  I  judge  thee  victor,  and  thy  counsel  best. 

Follow,  I'd  slay  thee  close  to  yonder  wretch. 

In  hfe  thou  deem'dst  him  dearer  than  my  sire  — 

Now  sleep  beside  him  dead,  since  thou  dost  love 

This  fellow,  and  dost  hate  whom  thou  shouldst 

love." 
Clytemnestra:  ''  I  nursed  thee,  and  with  thee  would 

pass  mine  age." 
Orestes:  "  My  father's  murderess!    Thou  to  dwell 

with  me?  " 
Clytemnestra:    "  'Twas  fate,  my  son,  that  shared 

the  guilt  of  this." 
Orestes:  "  Thy  death  as  well  'tis  fate  hath  brought 

to  pass." 
Clytemnestra:    "  Dost  thou  not  dread  a  mother's 

curse,  my  child?  " 
Orestes:  "  Nay,  for  my  mother  cast  me  off  to  griefs." 
Clytemnestra:  "Nay,  not  cast  off;  to  friendly  home 

it  was." 
Orestes:  "  Of  free  born  father,  I  was  doubly  sold." 
Clytemnestra:    ''  Where  then  the  price  which  I  re- 
ceived for  thee?  " 
Orestes:  "  I  blush  to  speak  thy  shame  thus  openly." 
Clytemnestra:    "  Nay,  of  thy  father's  guilty  deeds 

speak  too! " 
Orestes:    "  Safe  in  the  house,  chide  not  the  toiler 

thou." 


MYCENAE  129 


Clytemnestra:    "  'Tis  hard  for  wife  when  severed 

from  her  spouse." 
Orestes:  "  The  toil  of  spouse  doth  feed  the  wife  at 

home.'' 
Clytemnestra:    "  So  thou,  my  child,  wilt  slay  thy 

mother  then?  " 
Orestes:    "  'Tis   thou   thyself,  not  I,  thyself   wilt 

slay." 
Clytemnestra:    "  Look   well!     Beware   a   mother's 

angry  hounds!  " 
Orestes:    "  How,    if    remiss,    my    father's    can    I 

'scape?  " 
Clytemnestra:    "  I,  living,   to  a  tomb  *  bewail  in 

vain." 
Orestes:  "  Yea,  for  my  father's  death  hath  sent  this 

doom." 
Clytemnestra:  "  Ah  me!    This  serpent  I  have  borne 

and  nursed! " 
Orestes:   "  True  prophet  was  thy  terror  from  the 

dream 
Thou  slewest  whom  thou  should'st  not!    Bear  thy 

fate! " 

From  these  doors  a  mother's  furies  pursued  the 
matricide,  until  in  holy  Athens  they  were  appeased 
at  last,  and  the  curse  of  Tantalus  was  Hfted  from 
the  fifth  generation.  Indeed  the  sins  of  the  fathers 
have  been  visited  on  their  children.    For  so  it  is 

1  Tomb.  One  deaf  to  entreaty  is  often  called  a  tomb.  riJ/i/Sos. 


130      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

to-day  as  in  days  of  old,  that  great  prosperity 
uplifts  the  heart  of  man  and  of  nation,  till  insolent 
wealth  begets  Satiety,  parent  of  Deed  of  Outrage, 
which  brings  forth  fresh  crime,  prolonging  the 
curse  to  generations  yet  unborn. 

"  An  ^  ancient  saw  told  long  ago 
Is  current  among  mortals, 
.     When  man's  prosperity  is  waxen  great. 
It  gendereth  offspring,  nor  childless  dieth, 
And  from  success  upspringeth 
Sorrow  insatiate  for  his  race. 

"  Single  my  mind  apart  from  others,  for  the  impious 
deed 

Begetteth  more  in  likeness  of  their  stock; 
While  if  the  house  be  righteous. 
Fate  aye  bestoweth  goodly  progeny. 

"  But  ancient  Outrage,  soon  or  late, 
Is  wont  to  get  young  Outrage, 
Wantoning  in  men's  woes,  when  time  is  ripe  — 
She  breedeth  swollen  Surfeit  and  that  demon 
None  can  o'erthrow  in  fight,  none  war  upon: 
Audacity  Unholy  — 
Black  pair  of  horrors  in  the  halls, 

Like  to  their  ancestry. 
But  Justice  shineth  in  the  smoky  hovel 

» Aeschylus:  Ag.,  727-754. 


MYCENAE  131 


And  honoureth  the  righteous  life 
While  gilded  halls  where  hands  are  foul 

Leaving  with  eyes  averted, 
She  visiteth  the  holy, 
Respecting  not  the  power  of  wealth 

False  stamped  with  vulgar  praise. 

And  all  she  swayeth  to  the  end." 


CHAPTER  VIII 

THE   ARGOLID   AND   NAUPLIA 

Our  imagination  was  sated  with  horrors,  and  it 
was  a  relief  to  descend  to  the  bright  plain,  and 
follow  the  course  of  the  Inachus  beside  which 
lo  used  to  play,  till  it  sweeps  past  Argos  to  the 
sea. 

lo:^  "  For  nightly  visions  ever  visiting 

My  maiden  chamber,  wooed  me  with  soft  words: 

'  Oh  damsel  greatly  blest,  why  thus  so  long 

Unmated,  while  'tis  given  thee  to  gain 

Bridal  most  high?    For  Zeus,  with  shaft  of  love 

For  thee  inflamed,  would  fain  thy  favours  win. 

But    thou,    oh    child,    spurn    not    the    couch    of 

Zeus; 
But  hie  thee  forth  to  Lerna's  deep-soiled  mead. 
To  pastures  of  thy  father's  flocks  and  herds. 
That  so  the  eye  of  Zeus  be  soothed  from  longing. 
By  dreams  Hke  these,  each  night  was  I  beset. 
Unhappy  maid,  until  I  dared  at  last 
Confess  the  night-seen  visions  to  my  sire." 

» Aeschylus:  Prom.,  663-675. 
132 


THE  ARGOLID  AND  NAUPLlA        133 

Time  compelled  us  to  leave  the  temple  of  Hera 
unvisited.  It  lies  at  some  distance  to  the  eastward 
of  our  road,  and  has  in  recent  years  been  the  scene 
of  successful  excavations  made  by  American 
archaeologists.  The  Heraeum  was  one  of  the  oldest 
sanctuaries  of  Greece.  A  scarab  of  Thothmes  III 
has  been  found  among  its  ruins,  and  the  temple 
registers  furnished  a  system  of  dating  older  than 
the  reckoning  by  Olympiads.  Here  the  Greeks 
acknowledged  Agamemnon  as  commander  in  chief 
of  the  expedition  to  Troy,  and  the  great  Goddess 
never  failed  in  loyal  zeal  for  the  success  of  the  Grecian 
arms. 

The  most  interesting  story  connected  with  the 
Heraeum  is  the  one  told  by  Herodotus. 

When  Solon  was  at  the  court  of  the  Lydian  king, 
Croesus,  the  king,  after  showing  him  his  possessions, 
asked  him  who  was  the  happiest  man  whom  he  had 
ever  seen.  When  Solon  repUed  that  it  was  Tellos 
the  Athenian,  who  had  died  for  his  country,  the 
disappointed  king  ^' asked  ^  him  further  who  was 
the  second  happiest  whom  he  had  seen,  next  after 
Tellos  —  expecting  of  course  that  he  himself  was 
surely  to  win  second  honours.  Solon  however 
answered  *  Cleobis  and  Biton,'  for  these,  being  of 
Argive  stock,  possessed  sufficient  means  of  sub- 
sistence, and  in  addition  to  this,  enjoyed  strength 
of  body,  such  as  I  shall  relate.    Both  aUke  had  been 

*  Herodotus.,  i.  31. 


134    IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

prize-winners  in  the  games,  and  the  following  story- 
is  told  of  them:  When  the  Argives  were  celebrating 
a  festival  of  Hera,  it  became  quite  necessary  that 
their  mother  ^  be  conveyed  to  the  temple  on  a  wagon. 
Now  their  oxen  had  not  returned  from  the  fields  in 
season.  The  youths,  therefore,  constrained  by  the 
shortness  of  the  time,  put  on  the  yoke  and  drew 
the  wagon  themselves,  while  their  mother  rode 
thereon.  And  after  they  had  drawn  her  forty-five 
stades,^  they  reached  the  temple.  Now  when  they 
had  done  this,  and  had  been  seen  by  the  assembly 
of  worshippers,  a  most  glorious  ending  of  life  came 
upon  them;  and  the  god  showed  thereby  that  it 
was  a  better  thing  for  a  man  to  die  than  to  live. 
For  the  Argive  men  thronged  about  them,  congratu- 
lating the  young  men  for  their  strength;  while  the 
Argive  women  congratulated  the  mother  who  had 
been  blest  with  such  sons.  And  the  mother,  over- 
joyed at  the  deed  and  the  praise  of  it,  stood  facing 
the  image  of  the  goddess,  and  prayed  that  the 
goddess  would  grant  to  Cleobis  and  Biton,  her  sons, 
who  had  so  greatly  honoured  her,  that  boon  which 
is  most  blessed  for  a  man  to  obtain.  And  after  this 
prayer,  when  they  had  feasted  and  made  merry, 
the  young  men  slept  in  the  temple,  and  waked  not 
again,  but  met  with  this  end  of  life." 


*  Cydippe,  priestess  of  the  Heraeum. 
^  From  the  city  of  Argos. 


THE  ARGOLID  AND  NAUPLIA         135 

"  Not  ^  false  this  tale,  but  eminent  for  truth  — 
The  holy  piety  of  Cydippe's  sons: 
For  sweet  and  joyful  was  the  mark  attained  — 
Death  in  Ufe's  Springtime  —  by  the  hero  pair. 
Since  for  their  mother's  love  they  took  on  them 
The  heavy  burden  of  a  task  renowned. 
Hail  'mid  the  dead,  famed  for  your  piety! 
Through  ages  be  this  glory  yours  alone." 

The  Heraeum  was  the  scene  of  the  well  known 
tale  of  the  philosopher  Pythagoras  and  the  shield  of 
Euphorbus.  Menelaus,  after  his  return  from  Troy, 
dedicated  in  this  temple  the  captured  shield  of 
Euphorbus,  whom  he  had  killed.  In  later  years, 
Pythagoras  entered  the  temple  and  selected  this 
shield  at  once  from  the  many  votive  shields  hung 
on  the  walls.  It  proved  to  have  the  name  of  Eu- 
phorbus upon  it.  Now  Pythagoras  in  teaching  the 
doctrine  of  metempsychosis  had  always  claimed  to 
be  a  reincarnation  of  Euphorbus,  and  he  announced 
that  he  had  established  the  claim  by  his  success  in 
picking  out  the  right  shield. 

Argos  is  famiUar  to  us  from  childhood  as  the  birth- 
place of  Perseus.  Hawthorne  tells  the  story  in  his 
delightful  Tanglewood  Tales.  The  king  Acrisius 
placed  his  daughter  Danae  and  her  little  son  in  a 
chest,  and  committed  them  to  the  waves  of  the 

» Anth.  Pal.,  iii.  18. 


136      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Nauplian  Gulf.    The  beautiful  poem  of  Simonides 
was  in  our  mind: 

"  When  ^  in  the  richly  inlaid  chest  she  lay 
Tossed  by  the  blowing  wind  and  sea  upheaved, 
Then  on  her  wetted  cheeks  pale  terror  stole; 
And  round  her  Perseus  her  protecting  arm 
She  cast  and  spake:  *  Ah  child,  what  sorrow  I 
Must  bear  for  thee,  whilst  thou  the  flower  of  sleep 
Dost  cull,  and  in  thy  calm  oblivion  still. 
In  joyless  bronze-clamped  chest  thou  hest  nestling, 
Wrapped  in  a  ray  less  night  and  darksome  gloom. 
The  deep  brine  sweeping  o'er  thy  tender  locks. 
The  passing  wave,  thou  heedest  not,  nor  voice 
Of  winds,  but,  in  thy  crimson  blanket  wrapped. 
Thou  still  dost  press  thy  face  against  my  face. 
But  if  the  fear  to  thee  were  fear  indeed. 
Thou  to  my  words  wouldst  lend  thy  tiny  ear. 
But  nay,  I  bid  thee  still  sleep  on,  my  child. 
And  sleep  the  sea,  and  sleep  our  cruel  woe! 
And  oh,  from  thee  may  some  blest  change  appear, 
Oh  Father  Zeus!  —  And  if  apart  from  right. 
Or  overbold  my  prayer,  oh  pardon  me." 

A  short  fragment  from  the  lost  Acrisius  of  Sopho- 
cles gives  us  a  glimpse  of  the  proud  princess  when 
her  fault  has  become  known  to  her  cruel  father: 

*  Simonides,  37  Bergk. 


THE  ARGOLID  AND  NAUPLIA        137 

"  Brief  ^  speech  beseemeth  those  whose  thoughts  are 

pure, 
In  answer  to  a  parent;  more  than  all 
When  one  is  of  the  Argive  stock,  a  maid, 
Whose  ornament  is  silence  and  few  words." 

Another  fragment  from  a  lost  drama  —  the 
Danae  of  Euripides  —  depicts  the  intense  maternal 
affection  of  the  heroine: 

"  My  2  women,  dear  is  hght  of  yonder  sun, 
And  fair  to  see  the  windless  ocean  flood, 
The  vernal  bloom  of  Earth,  the  wealth  of  streams  — 
Of  many  blessings  I  might  sing  the  praise. 
But  naught  so  bright  nor  goodly  to  behold 
Exists  as  when  to  childless  ones,  whose  hearts 
Are  gnawed  by  longing,  is  vouchsafed  at  last 
To  see  the  hght  of  infants  in  their  homes." 

There  was  Httle  to  detain  us  in  Argos  except  the 
fine  ancient  theatre,  and  we  took  our  way  through 
the  streets  of  the  typical  modern  Greek  town,  and 
hurried  on  to  Tiryns.^  Archaeologists  consider  this 
the  best  spot  in  Greece  for  studying  the  arrange- 
ments of  a  fortified  palace  of  Homeric  times.  The 
famous  galleries  served  in  the  War  of  Independence 


^  Soph.:  Frag.,  61. 
2  Eurip.:  Frag.,  318. 


'  The  ancient  city  fortified,  we  are  told,  by  Perseus  and  the 
Lycian  Cyclopes. 


138      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

to  give  shelter  to  fugitives  from  the  Turkish  soldiery. 
Their  exact  purpose  in  ancient  times  is  a  matter  of 
controversy  to  the  learned.  The  guide  of  to-day 
tells  the  traveller  that  they  are  a  favourite  haunt 
for  sheep  and  goats,  and  that  it  is  by  the  innocent 
agency  of  these,  that  the  grim  gallery  walls  have  been 
worn  to  a  mirror-Uke  smoothness.  The  cruel  Eu- 
rystheus  was  king  of  Tiryns  in  days  of  old,  and  it 
was  at  his  bidding  and  the  divine  behest  of  Hera 
that  Heracles  was  compelled  to  go  up  and  down 
Greece  performing  his  twelve  labours,  and  freeing 
the  land  from  the  monsters  that  were  its  plague. 
The  slaying  of  the  Lernaean  Hydra  is  held  by  those 
who  rationalize  the  myth  to  contain  a  tale  of  the 
draining  of  the  marsh  of  Lerna  which  had  rendered 
the  town  of  Argos  unhealthy. 

At  nightfall  we  reached  NaupUa  —  NapoU  di 
Romania,  as  it  was  often  called  in  the  early  part 
of  the  nineteenth  century.  Certainly  the  Bay  of 
NaupUa  is  in  the  opinion  of  many  more  beautiful 
than  the  great  Bay  of  Naples  itself.  Many  traces  of 
Prankish  and  Venetian  occupation  remain  in  gates 
and  fortifications,  and  even  in  a  few  palaces  with 
coats  of  arms  emblazoned  on  the  walls. 

The  town  was  named  for  NaupHos,  son  of  Poseidon, 
famous  for  the  vengeance  he  took  on  the  Greek 
fleet  as  it  approached  the  Euboean  Promontory 
on  the  return  from  Troy.  The  story  is  contained 
in  SchoHa  on  the  Dramatists  and  in  fragments  of 


THE  ARGOLID  AND  NAUPLIA        139 

lost  plays.  Palamedes  and  Oeax  were  sons  of  Nau- 
plios.  The  former  was  a  clever  inventor.  To  him 
were  ascribed,  among  other  inventions,  the  games 
of  draughts  and  dice,  the  building  of  the  first  Ught- 
houses,  and  the  art  of  writing  on  tablets.  Once, 
when  during  the  siege  of  Troy  the  Greeks  were  dis- 
heartened by  a  famine  and  by  the  discomforts  of 
their  endless  task,  Palamedes  cheered  them  by  the 
introduction  of  his  new  games.  At  the  beginning 
of  the  war,  it  was  his  cleverness  that  detected  the 
feigned  madness  of  Odysseus,  and  forced  that  wily 
hero  to  a  reluctant  participation  in  the  expedition. 
For  this  Odysseus  cherished  deep  resentment,  and 
in  conjunction  with  the  Atridae,  who  were  jealous 
of  the  popularity  of  Palamedes,  he  contrived  by  a 
trick  to  make  it  appear  that  their  enemy  was  in 
traitorous  correspondence  with  King  Priam.  Pala- 
medes was  stoned  to  death,  and  his  brother  wrote 
the  tale  on  wooden  tablets  which  he  committed  to 
the  sea  in  hopes  that  some  might  float  home  to 
Nauplia  and  inform  King  Nauplios  of  the  murder 
of  his  son.  The  plan  was  successful,  and  NaupHos  set 
a  deceitful  beacon  on  a  dangerous  cape  of  Euboea, 
which  lured  many  of  the  returning  Greeks  to  death 
by  shipwreck. 

"  Oblivion's  *  cure  I  only  did  provide 

Silent  and  sounding  syllables  combined 
^  Eur.:  Palam.  Frag.,  582  (Dindorf). 


140      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Inventing,  so  mankind  might  letters  know. 
Thus,  though  far  absent  over  ocean's  tract 
A  man  might  learn  the  fortunes  of  his  home. 
And,  at  a  death,  to  children  might  be  told 
In  writing  plain,  the  measure  of  their  wealth. 
And  that  which  might  to  evil  strife  have  led, 
The  tablet  judgeth  and  forbiddeth  Ues." 

In  another  fragment  the  Chorus  reproaches  Odys- 
seus and  the  Greeks: 

"  Ye  ^  have  slain,  ye  have  slain 
The  all- wise  one,  ye  Danai! 

The  Muses'  nightingale. 
Who  ne'er  caused  grief  to  any." 

The  fortified  height  above  Nauplia  retains  the 
name  of  Palamidi  to  this  day.  The  town  has  played 
an  important  part  in  the  miUtary  history  of  Greece  in 
post-classic  times.  Its  capture  from  the  Turks  in 
1822  gave  great  encouragement  to  the  revolutionists, 
and  it  became  for  a  time  the  capital  of  the  newly 
liberated  nation  when  the  war  was  over.  Here  the 
first  President,  Capodistrias,  was  assassinated,  and 
it  was  at  NaupHa  that  King  Otho  first  made  his  entry 
into  his  dominions. 

» Eur.:  Palam.  Frag.,  591  (Dindorf). 


CHAPTER   IX 

DELPHI 

"  When  the  lightning  flashed  through  Harma,"  ^ 
the  mission  to  Delphi  was  wont  to  proceed  thither 
by  the  Sacred  Way,  passing  through  Eleusis  and 
the  defiles  of  Cithaeron;  then  across  Boeotia  and 
through  the  winding  passes  of  Parnassus.  The  road 
was  built  by  Theseus  to  conduct  Apollo  on  his 
triumphal  journey  from  Athens,  whither  he  had 
come  from  his  birthplace  in  Delos. 

The  traveller  to-day,  however,  usually  goes  to  the 
port  of  Itea  by  steamer  from  Piraeus  through  the 
new  canal,  or  else  by  rail  to  Corinth  and  thence 
across  the  Gulf  by  one  of  the  very  irregular  steamers. 
The  journey  by  sea  from  Piraeus  is  the  most  com- 
fortable, and  it  is  interesting  too.  We  skirted 
closely  the  outer  coast  of  Salamis,  and  sailed  through 

^  Harma  (Strabo,  ix.  chap,  i)  was  a  mountain  on  the  Boeo- 
tian border,  whence  signal  fires  could  be  seen  by  watchers  in 
the  Pythion  at  Athens.  Dorpfeld  claims  that  this  Pythion 
is  identical  with  the  Grotto  of  Apollo  on  the  northern  slope 
of  the  Acropolis  (Chapter  I)  and  thus  he  elucidates  the  puz- 
zling passage  in  Philostratus  concerning  the  Panathenaic 
ship. 

141 


142      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

the  calm  Saronic  as  it  narrowed  towards  the  Isth- 
mus, and  after  passing  through  the  canal  we  issued 
forth  into  the  Corinthian  Gulf  for  a  sail  of  three  or 
four  hours  on  one  of  the  most  beautiful  stretches 
of  water  in  the  world.  We  passed  the  rock  of  Hera 
Acraia,  the  "  Gibraltar  of  the  Corinthian  Gulf." 
Like  its  namesake,  it  resembles  a  crouching  lion  with 
head  erect  and  mighty  paws  extending  seaward. 
This  is  the  spot  where  Medea  buried  her  children, 
carrying  them  from  Corinth  in  her  winged  chariot.^ 
Her  parting  words  to  them  when  she  has  resolved 
upon  their  death  are  among  the  most  heart-breaking 
to  be  found  in  the"  most  pathetic  "  of  poets. 

Medea:  ^  "  Oh  children,  children,  ye  a  city  have 

And  home,  wherein,  forsaking  wretched  me, 

Ye  aye  shall  dwell,  bereft  of  mothers'  love: 

While  I  to  other  lands  an  exile  go 

Ere  any  joy  I  win  of  you,  and  see 

Your  happiness,  ere  wife  and  nuptial  couch 

I  deck,  and  hold  aloft  the  marriage  torch. 

Ah  me,  unhappy  for  my  daring  deed! 

In  vain,  then,  children,  did  I  nurture  you. 

In  vain  I  laboured,  and  was  worn  with  toil, 

In  vain  I  bore  the  grievous  travail-pangs. 

Unhappy!    Many  hopes  I  had  in  you. 

That  some  day  surely  ye  would  tend  mine  age, 

^  Eurip.:  Medea,  1379. 
» Eurip.:  Medea,  1022  ff. 


DELPHI  143 


And  with  your  hands  my  body  deck  in  death, 
Of  mortals  envied.     But  the  sweet  hope  now 
Is  perished.    For  henceforth  bereft  of  you, 
A  mournful  life  and  grievous  I  must  pass. 
And  ye  no  more  with  loving  eyes  shall  look 
Upon  your  mother  in  your  altered  hfe. 
Woe,  woe,  why  gaze  ye  at  me,  children  mine? 
Why  laugh  unto  me  this  last  laugh  of  all? 
Ah  me,  what  can  I  do?     My  heart  is  faint. 
Oh  women,  at  the  bright  face  of  my  babes. 
I  cannot  do  it,  farewell  former  plans ! 
I  take  my  children  with  me  from  the  land. 

Yet  how  is  it  with  me?    Shall  I  endure 

To  be  a  jest  of  unrequited  foes? 

This  must  be  dared.    But  ah,  unhappy  me. 

That  I  should  have  let  fall  such  weakUng  words! 

Go,  children,  to  the  house.    Let  him  who  hath 

No  part  in  this  my  service,  look  to  it! 

I  will  not  spoil  the  deed  of  my  right  hand. 


But  lo,  I  needs  must  tread  a  woful  road. 
And  these  must  send  on  one  more  woful  still. 
My  boys  I'd  fain  address,  give,  children  mine, 
Give  to  your  mother  your  right  hand  to  kiss. 
Oh,  dearest  hand  and  dearest  face  to  me! 
My  children's  form  and  noble  countenance! 
Blessed  be  ye  —  but  yonder  —  for  your  sire 


144      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Hath  robbed  you  of  your  sojourn  here.    Oh  sweet 
Embrace,  soft  skin,  and  dearest  breath  of  babes! 
Away!  Away!  no  longer  can  I  bear 
To  look  upon  you,  conquered  by  my  woe." 

Beyond  the  promontory  the  Gulf  widens,  and  as 
we  passed  out  the  clouds  began  to  gather  over  the 
white  tops  of  the  distant  mountains  of  Arcadia  and 
soon  shut  out  the  Peloponnesian  shore.  Once  for 
a  moment  the  clouds  suddenly  parted,  and  framed 
a  picture  of  solemn  splendour.  Behind  the  dark 
masses  of  the  nearer  mountains,  the  snowy  top  of 
Cyllene  was  flooded  with  golden  sunUght.  The 
diamond-shaped  rent  in  the  clouds  was  as  it  were 
fringed  with  an  edging  of  silver  fur.  In  another 
moment  all  was  dark  again,  and  a  torrent  of  rain 
succeeded,  shutting  out  the  view  entirely,  and  con- 
tinuing till  we  landed  at  the  Uttle  port  of  Itea  — 
the  ancient  Cirrha  —  where  we  passed  the  night. 

When  morning  came  the  storm  was  over  and  we 
enjoyed  the  sunUt  view  from  the  balcony  of  the 
inn  until  the  mules  were  saddled  and  our  procession 
ready  to  start. 

At  first  our  course  lay  through  the  great  olive 
groves  of  the  famous  Crissaean  Plain.  This  sacred 
land  played  a  fatal  part  in  Grecian  history.  The 
inhabitants  of  Crisa  had  been  wont  to  plunder 
pilgrims  on  their  way  to  visit  the  shrine  of  Delphi, 
until  —  at  the  instigation  of  the  Pythia  —  Solon 


DELPHI  145 


and  the  Athenians,  in  aUiance  with  Clisthenes  of 
Sicyon,  destroyed  the  guilty  town  in  591  b.  c.  and 
dedicated  the  Plain  as  the  inviolable  possession  of 
the  god.  In  honour  of  this  event  the  famous 
Pythian  Games  were  founded.  In  late  times,  how- 
ever, the  inhabitants  of  Amphissa  cast  covetous 
eyes  upon  the  fair  fields  which  spread  themselves 
below  their  mountain  fastness,  and  dared  to  seize 
and  cultivate  the  holy  soil.  To  punish  them  for  this 
outrage,  the  Amphictyonic  Council,  the  national 
guardians  of  the  rights  of  Delphi,  declared  a  Sacred 
War.  Then  it  was  that  PhiHp  of  Macedon  knew  that 
his  time  had  come.  His  intervention  in  the  Sacred 
War  was  the  beginning  of  the  end,  and  only  a  year 
later  the  independence  of  Greece  perished  on  the 
fatal  field  of  Chaeronea. 

Our  road  through  the  olives  led  us  to  the  foot 
of  Parnassus.  Northwestward  cUmbed  the  road  to 
Amphissa.  We  left  this  on  our  left  and  after  an 
hour  reached  the  flourishing  town  of  Cryso,  which 
preserves  in  its  name  the  memory  of  the  town 
destroyed  twenty-five  centuries  ago.  Below  us 
on  our  right  the  Pleistos  emerged  from  the  gorge 
which  narrows  fast.  An  hour  more  and  we  dis- 
mounted at  Kastri,  the  new  village  to  which  the 
inhabitants  whose  houses  were  destroyed  by  the 
excavations  were  removed. 

From  the  balcony  of  our  little  lodging,  a  mar- 
vellous   prospect    was    unfolded.      Far    below    us 


146      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

stretching  towards  the  sea  was  the  Sacred  Plain 
dark  with  its  olives.  To  our  right  were  the  lower 
spurs  of  Kiona,  whose  summit  overtops  Parnassus 
itself.  To  the  left,  the  solemn  gorge  of  the  Pleistos, 
and  in  the  chff  which  forms  its  southern  wall  we 
could  see  the  dark  opening  of  the  cave  of  Lamia, 
the  horrid  gobhn  whose  name  was  used  to  terrify 
rebellious  children  into  submission. 

Before  visiting  the  excavations,  we  walked  along 
the  road  past  them,  that  first  we  might  purify  our- 
selves in  the  waters  of  the  Castalian  spring  which 
flows  forth  from  the  angle  of  the  Phaedriades.  These 
are  two  cliffs  which  form  natural  walls  to  north- 
east and  southeast  of  the  holy  precinct.  From 
one  of  these,  Hyampeia,  good  old  Aesop  was  hurled 
to  his  death.  He  was  accused  by  his  enemies  of 
having  robbed  the  shrine.  They  had  concealed  in 
his  baggage  some  of  the  sacred  vessels,  and  in 
spite  of  his  protestations  and  the  warnings  he  uttered 
in  his  quaint  form  of  fables,  he  was  dragged  to  the 
edge  of  the  cHff  and  hurled  over.  But  the  gods  made 
his  innocence  manifest,  and  his  death  was  avenged 
by  a  destructive  earthquake  which  soon  after 
visited  the  spot. 

The  spring  of  Castalia  has  been  famed  in  song  and 
story  above  all  other  fountains.  He  who  drinks 
of  its  waters  is  blessed  with  the  gift  of  poetry 
for  ever.  Here  those  who  would  visit  the  shrine 
must  first  pause  for  purification: 


DELPHI  147 


"  Pure  ^  to  the  temple  approach  of  the  undefiled 

deity,  stranger, 
Pure  in  thy  soul,  and  bathe  in  the  sacred  stream  of 

the  nymphs. 
Since  for  the  good  sufficeth  the  smallest  drop  —  but 

the  wicked 
Even  the  Ocean  vast  never  could  cleanse  with  his 

streams." 

The  band  of  maidens  sent  from  T3rre  to  serve  in 
the  temple  thus  greet  the  holy  scene: 

"  Leaving  ^  the  swell  of  the  Tyrian  Sea, 
Lo  I  am  come  for  Loxias, 
Far  from  the  Isle  Phoenician, 
Slave  to  the  halls  of  Phoebus, 
Where,  'neath  the  snow-swept  mountain  ridge 
Of  Parnassus,  his  seat  was  chosen. 

Still  it  awaiteth  me  to  lave 
In  Castalia's  flowing  waters 
My  hair,  the  pride  of  my  maidenhood, 
In  service  divine  of  Phoebus. 
Hail,  thou  Rock  that  dost  light  the  gleam 
O'er  the  twin  peaked  Bacchic  mountains. 
Hail,  Vine  that  distillest  the  daily  wine, 
Forth  putting  thy  fruitful  cluster. 

»Anth.:  Pal.,  xiv.  71. 
2  Eur.:  Phoen.,  202  ff. 


148     IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Hail,  holy  cave  of  the  dragon,  hail, 
Ye  hill-top  watch-towers  of  the  gods. 
And  sacred  snow-smitten  mountain,  hail! 
Ah!  would  I  in  praise  of  the  deathless  One 
Might  weave  the  dance  on  fearless  feet 
By  the  mid-earth  Hollow  of  Phoebus!  " 

We  rested  beneath  the  ancient  plane  tree,  planted 
they  say  by  Agamemnon;  and  refreshed  and  puri- 
fied we  approached  the  shrine.  On  either  hand  are 
the  ruins  of  the  votive  offerings  —  too  often,  alas! 
commemorating  fratricidal  victories  —  and  of  the 
treasuries  which  offered  such  rich  loot  for  Nero  and 
other  plunderers,  in  spite  of  whom  the  site  could 
still  offer  thousands  of  statues  as  late  as  the  time 
of  Pausanias.  The  Athenian  treasure-house  is  being 
rebuilt  of  its  original  materials,  which  were  lying 
almost  intact.  Its  decorations  have  been  taken  to 
the  museum,  and  their  place  suppUed  by  admirable 
reproductions.  Upon  the  walls  are  hymns  to  Apollo 
with  musical  notation  —  a  rare  archaeological 
prize  —  and  an  inscription  in  situ  speaks  of  the  battle 
of  Marathon,  in  honour  of  which  the  treasury  was  built. 

We  passed  the  rough  rock  from  which,  in  earliest 
days  of  all,  the  Sibyl  Herophile  uttered  prophecy, 
foretelUng  among  other  things  the  fatal  story  of 
Helen.  We  paused  for  a  moment  in  the  Athenian 
Stoa  and  then  continued  our  gradual  ascent.  As 
the  Sacred  Way  turned  to  the  northward  round  the 


DELPHI  149 


end  of  the  great  temple,  we  saw  before  us  the  pedestal 
of  one  of  the  most  interesting  monuments  in  the 
world.  Upon  this  pedestal  stood  the  great  tripod 
offered  by  redeemed  Greece  from  the  spoils  of  Pla- 
taea.  The  central  support  was  of  brazen  serpents 
intertwined.  On  it  were  inscribed  the  names  of 
the  States  that  took  part  in  this  culminating  victory 
of  the  Persian  War,  and  many  of  these  names  may 
still  be  read  upon  the  portion  preserved  at  Constan- 
tinople, whither  it  was  carried  by  Constantine  to 
adorn  the  Hippodrome  of  his  new  capital.  It  is 
related  that  Mohammed  II,  who  wrested  Constanti- 
nople from  the  Christians  in  1453  a.  d.,  smote  one  of 
the  brazen  serpent  heads  with  his  sword,  declaring 
that  the  conqueror  of  Europe  thus  avenged  the 
ancient  defeat  of  Asia. 

But  we  were  at  last  come  to  Earth's  very  centre, 
the  Pythian  shrine  itself.  We  stood  where  young 
Ion  stood,  in  the  portal  which  he  used  to  sweep  each 
morning  at  sunrise  with  such  devotion. 

"  Lo,^  yonder  gleameth  the  four-horsed  car 
And  Helios  now  sheddeth  day  o'er  the  land. 
The  stars  are  fleeing  before  his  blaze 

To  the  holy  night. 
And  the  peaks  untrod  of  Parnassus  Mount 
With  dawn  illumined,  receive  for  men 
The  chariot  wheel  diurnal. 
1  Eurip.:  Ion,  82  fif. 


150      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  Dry  incense  smoke  to  the  lofty  roof 

Of  Phoebus  flieth. 
On  the  tripod  divine  her  seat  doth  take 
The  Delphian,  singing  to  Greeks  the  strains 
Whatever  Apollo  may  utter. 

**  But  oh  ye  Delphian  ministers 
Of  Phoebus,  hie  to  the  silver  whirls 
Of  Castalia,  where  with  unsullied  dew 
Having  washed  you  clean,  the  temple  approach. 
And  guard  ye  well  from  ill-speaking  the  Ups, 
And  words  of  blest  import,  to  those  who  fain 
Would  the  shrine  consult, 
From  your  own  lips  see  that  ye  utter. 

"  While  I,  at  my  task  which  from  Childhood's  hour 

I  ever  ply,  with  the  laurel  boughs 
And  holy  wreaths,  the  gate  of  the  God 
Will  adorn,  and  sprinkle  the  floor  bedewed 
With  moistened  drops.    And  the  flocks  of  birds 

Who  the  shrines  defile 
Of  the  images  holy,  with  bow  of  mine 
I  will  put  to  flight  —  For,  sprung  from  none 
From  father  nor  mother,  my  nursling  home 
The  Temple  of  Phoebus  I  cherish. 

"  Oh  minister  fresh  blooming,  hail 
My  broom  of  laurel  fair. 
Who  Phoebus'  altar  in  his  fane 
Hast  ever  in  thy  care! 


DELPHI  151 


"  In  gardens  never  dying,  whence 
The  streams  of  holy  dew 
Their  ever-flowing  springs  send  forth, 
Thy  sacred  myrtle  grew. 

"  With  thee  I  sweep  the  floor  divine 
Throughout  the  livelong  day, 
With  swift  wing  of  the  rising  sun, 
My  service  glad  I  pay. 

"  Oh  Paean,  oh  Paean! 
Blessed,  oh,  blessed 
Be  thou,  Latona's  son! 

"  Fair  is  the  task  I  ply 
Oh  Phoebus,  at  thy  shrine, 
Thy  seat  prophetic  honouring. 
Glorious  the  task  for  aye. 

"  To  gods  who  live  for  ever 
My  hand  in  thrall  is  held. 
And  in  glad  labour  thus  to  toil 
I  can  grow  weary  never. 

"  Phoebus  my  sire  divine! 
For  him  who  nurtured  me  I  praise 
To  him  is  due  a  father's  name 
The  Phoebus  of  this  shrine. 


152      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  Oh  Paean,  oh  Paean! 

Blessed,  oh,  blessed 
Be  thou,  Latona's  son!  " 

Of  Apollo's  lordly  temple  all  is  in  ruins  except  the 
pavement,  and  we  search  in  vain  for  the  rehcs  of  its 
past  glories.  Gone  is  the  great  entrance  porch 
over  which  were  inscribed  in  golden  letters  the  say- 
ings of  the  Seven  Sages.  ''  Know  Thyself."  "  Noth- 
ing Overmuch."  Pediments,  friezes  and  columns, 
all  are  gone.  No  vestige  is  left  of  the  marvels  which 
greeted  the  eyes  of  the  visitors  of  old,  who  accom- 
panied Creusa  when  she  came  to  consult  the  God. 
The  exclamations  of  these  visitors  remind  one  of 
the  modern  tourist. 

Chorus  a.      "  Not  ^  only  then  in  Athens  the  Divine 
Are  courts  of  gods  fair-columned, 
And  services  before  the  fane. 
Lo,  e'en  for  Loxias,  Lato's  son, 
The  fair-eyed  hght  of  portals  twain! 

Chorus  p,    "  Look  yonder  and  behold! 
The  Hydra,  lo,  he  slayeth, 
Of  Lerna,  he  the  son  of  Zeus, 

With  sword  of  gold. 

Dear  friend,  behold! 

^  Eurip.:  Ion,  184  fif. 


DELPHI  153 


Chorum  d.  "I  see,  and  by  his  side 

Another  standeth,  lifting  burning  torch. 
Can  it  be  he  of  whom  is  told  the  tale 
In  my  embroideries? 
Shield-holder  lolaus,  he 
Who  sharing  labours  on  him  laid, 
The  son  of  Zeus  doth  aid. 

Chorus  y\    "See  yonder  man  as  well! 
Seated  on  courier  wingM, 
He  layeth  low  the  Fire-breathing  Might — 
Three-bodied  monster  fell. 

Chorus  a.     "I  turn  my  glances  everywhere  — 
Lo,  on  the  marble  walls, 
Behold  the  combat  of  the  giants  there! 

Chorum  8'.    "  Thither,  dear  friends,  we  look. 

Chorus  c.     "  Dost  see  the  Fierce-Eyed  One? 

Against  Enceladus  her  shield  is  shook. 

Chorus  s'.    "  Yea,  my  own  goddess  Pallas  I  discern. 

Chorus  f .    "  How  else?    the  heavy  thunderbolt  of 
fire 

In  hands  of  Zeus  far-hurling? 

Chorum  i}.    "I  see,  dread  Mimas  he  with  flame  doth 
burn. 


154      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

ChoriLS  &,    "  Lo  Bromios,  with  ivy  rod 

Unwarlike,  doth  another  slay 
Of    sons    of   Earth  —  the    Bacchic 
God! '' 

As  we  stood  upon  the  ancient  pavement,  the 
solemnity  of  the  spot  was  overpowering.  We  could 
feel  amid  the  silence  of  these  ruins,  in  this  lonely 
sheltered  niche  of  the  mountain,  with  the  solemn 
gorge  far  below  us,  that  we  were  indeed  at  the  very 
centre  of  the  world.  For  of  civiUzation  as  we  con- 
ceive it,  Greece  was,  in  those  old  days,  the  only 
exponent  on  Earth;  and  had  it  not  been  for  the 
victories  of  which  these  stones  bear  witness,  the 
very  Ught  of  hfe  in  the  world  would  have  been 
quenched.  Instead  of  liberty,  the  soft  luxury  of 
Asia  with  its  soul-deadening  tyranny  would  have 
smothered  Europe.  Indeed  humanity  was  on  the 
"  razor-edge  "  of  the  balance  when  the  hope  of 
Greece  was  contained  in  the  ''wooden  walls," 
and  later  when  the  last  great  stand  was  made  on  the 
Plataean  Plain. 

The  first  temple  of  Apollo  is  said  to  have  been 
built  of  the  wood  of  laurel  brought  from  the  Vale 
of  Tempe.  This  was  succeeded  by  one  built  of 
wax  and  feathers  by  a  swarm  of  bees.  The  third 
temple  was  of  brass;  the  fourth,  of  stone,  built  by 
Trophonius  and  Agamedes  as  in  the  Homeric 
Hymn;    and  the  final  one,  of  stone  and  marble, 


DELPHI  155 


under  the  direction  of  the  Amphictyons,  who  em- 
ployed Spintharos  as  architect.  The  noble  Athenian 
family  of  the  Alcmaeonidae,  wishing  to  secure  the 
powerful  voice  of  the  Oracle  in  behalf  of  their 
restoration  from  banishment,  undertook  to  carry 
out  the  plans,  and  instead  of  the  ordinary  stone  of 
the  neighbourhood  called  for  by  the  contract,  they 
employed  Parian  marble  for  the  eastern  front. 
Within  the  temple  was  the  sacred  quivering  laurel 
of  which  the  Pythian  priestess  was  wont  to  chew 
the  leaves  before  descending  to  the  inmost  shrine. 
Here  too  she  drank  of  the  water  conducted  from  the 
spring  Cassotis.  Not  only  must  the  laurel  quiver, 
but  the  sacrificial  victim  too  must  quake.  Else 
there  would  be  no  oracular  response.  The  priestess 
took  her  seat  on  the  tripod  which  stood  over  the 
celebrated  chasm  whence  arose  the  vapour  of  in- 
spiration.* A  learned  archaeologist  has  recently 
written  an  able  essay  to  prove  that  this  chasm  was 
a  pious  fraud,  or  never  existed  at  all.  The  myth 
relates  that  its  existence  was  revealed  by  Coretas, 
a  goat  herd,  who  became  intoxicated  and  fell  in. 
In  the  temple  could  be  seen,  between  two  golden 
eagles,  the  sacred  Omphalos,  Earth's  navel,  whereon 
the  eagles  let  fly  by  Zeus  —  one  from  the  east  and 
the  other  from  the  west  —  met  and  alighted. 
Near  by  was  a  golden  statue  of  Homer,  and  the  iron 

*  The  vapour  story  is  rejected  by  the  new  edition  of  Smith's 
Diet,  of  Antiq. 


156      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

chair  occupied  by  Pindar  when  he  sang  hymns 
in  honour  of  the  Pythian  Apollo. 

The  founding  of  the  oracle  is  described  in  the 
Homeric  Hymn  to  the  Pythian  Apollo  and  in  the 
prologue  of  the  Eumenides  of  Aeschylus. 

"Thence^  thou  didst  come  to  Crisa, beneath  snowy 
Parnassus  to  the  gorge  turned  westward.  Over  it 
the  cliff  hangeth  beethng,  and  the  deep  ravine 
runneth  under.  Rugged  is  the  spot  and  there  Lord 
Phoebus  Apollo  resolved  to  build  him  a  lovely 
temple  and  thus  he  spake:  *  Here  I  bethink  me  to 
build  an  exceeding  beauteous  fane,  that  it  may  be  a 
place  of  divination  for  all  mankind.  Hither  they 
shall  bring  me  their  perfect  hecatombs  for  ever, 
men  who  dwell  in  fertile  Peloponnesus,  in  Europe, 
and  amid  the  sea-flowed  islands,  coming  to  consult 
my  oracle.  And  to  them  I  fain  would  declare  my 
unfailing  counsel  and  utter  prophecy  in  my  rich 
shrine.'  Thus  spake  Phoebus  Apollo,  and  laid  the 
foundations.  Wide  they  were  and  exceeding  long, 
and  on  them  Trophonius  and  Agamedes,  sons  of 
Erginus,  dear  to  the  immortal  gods,  placed  a  floor 
of  marble.  And  the  countless  tribes  of  men  reared 
the  walls  of  the  temple  with  wrought  stones,  to  be 
a  theme  of  song  for  ever. 

"  Hard  by  there  flowed  a  stream  of  fair  waters, 
and  there  Apollo  slew  with  his  stout  bow  a  serpent 
of  mighty  bulk,  a  savage  prodigy  which  wrought 

*  Homer.    Hymn  to  Apollo,  282  ff. 


DELPHI  157 


many  woes  to  the  men  in  the  land,  to  them  and 
their  hoof-stretching  herds.  For  indeed  it  was 
a  blood-bedabbled  monster. 

"  He  *  who  encountered  her  was  led  by  fatal  des- 
tiny, until  the  time  when  Lord  Apollo  Far- Worker 
aimed  at  her  his  powerful  arrow.  She  then,  tortured 
with  grievous  pangs,  lay  greatly  gasping  and  writh- 
ing on  the  ground.  Awful  was  the  cry  she  ut- 
tered, unspeakable.  Then  she  glided  hither  and 
thither  through  the  wood  till  at  last  she  panted 
forth  her  life  in  blood.  Then  Phoebus  Apollo  ex- 
ulted." 

The  she-dragon  is  left  to  rot  ^  in  the  sun,  and  this 
circumstance  gives  to  the  place  the  name  of  Pytho. 
Apollo  turns  his  attention  to  the  establishment  of 
the  rites  of  his  worship: 

"  Then^  Phoebus  Apollo  considered  in  his  heart 
what  men  he  should  introduce  to  his  holy  rites, 
men  who  should  worship  him  in  rocky  Pytho.  Now 
while  he  pondered,  he  marked  a  swift  ship  upon  the 
wine-faced  sea.  And  therein  were  many  goodly 
men,  Cretans  from  Minoan  Cnossus,  men  who  should 
offer  service  to  the  Lord  and  declare  the  divine 

^  Line  356. 

2  iridea-dai,  to  rot. 

3  Line38& 


158      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

will  of  Phoebus  Apollo  of  the  golden  sword,  whatso- 
ever he  should  utter  in  oracles  from  the  laurel 
shrine,  forth  from  the  hollow  breast  of  Parnassus. 
They  were  saiUng  in  their  black  ship,  in  pursuit  of 
traffic,  bound  for  sandy  Pylos  and  the  people  of 
Pylos.  Then  Phoebus  Apollo  went  forth  to  meet 
them,  and  plunged  into  the  sea  in  likeness  of  a 
dolphin,  close  to  the  black  ship,  and  floated  there, 
a  monster  great  and  dire;  nor  could  any  of  the  men 
devise  the  meaning.  Tossing  on  every  side,  he 
lashed  the  ship's  beams,  while  the  mariners  crouched 
in  the  vessel  dumb  with  terror." 

The  dolphin  guides  the  ship  by  a  south  wind  p^st 
her  destination,  in  spite  of  the  wish  of  some  of  the 
sailors  to  land.  The  ship  refuses  to  obey  her  helm. 
At  last  they  reach  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf,  when  a 
west  wind  springs  up,  and  they  are  wafted  into 
the  Bay  of  Crisa. 

"  And  *  they  came  to  far-seen  vine-clad  Crisa, 
to  the  harbour.  And  there  Lord  Apollo  Far- Worker 
darted  away  from  the  ship,  like  unto  the  Sun  at 
noon,  and  from  his  head  flew  sparks  in  showers, 
and  the  brightness  thereof  came  to  heaven.  Then 
he  sped  to  his  shrine  and  passed  on  to  the  famous 
tripod.  There  he  kindled  a  blaze,  manifesting  forth 
his  weapons.  And  the  gleam  covered  all  Crisa. 
And  the  wives  of  the  Crissaeans  and  their  fair- 
girdled  daughters  raised  the  cry  of  holy  joy  beneath 

1  Line  438  fif. 


DELPHI  159 


inspiration  of  Phoebus.  For  he  put  mighty  awe  in 
the  heart  of  each  one. 

"  Thence  Uke  a  dream  he  leaped  to  fly  again  to 
the  ship,  in  likeness  of  a  stout  warrior  in  the  prime 
of  youth,  his  broad  shoulders  covered  with  his 
flowing  locks.  Then  having  uttered  winged  words, 
he  spake  to  the  sailors:  '  Strangers,  who  are  ye, 
and  whence  sail  ye  the  path  of  the  waters?  Is  it  in 
pursuit  of  traffic,  or  do  ye  roam  at  random,  as  the 
pirates  do,  who  rove  o'er  the  salt  sea,  setting  their 
Uves  at  stake,  and  carrying  evil  to  foreigners? 
Wherefore  do  ye  thus  sit  stricken  in  soul,  nor  dis- 
embark upon  the  land,  and  stow  the  cordage  of 
your  black  vessel?  '  " 

The  captain  of  the  ship  asks  the  god  concerning 
the  land  to  which  they  have  thus  been  led,  whereas 
with  far  different  intention  they  had  sailed  forth 
"  upon  the  mighty  Gulf  of  the  ocean  towards  Pylos, 
from  Crete  whence  we  claim  to  have  sprung.^' 

"  Answering  ^  straightway  Far- Worker  Apollo 
spake  to  them:  '  Strangers,  who  used  to  dwell  near 
tree-clad  Cnossus,  but  who  now  shall  return  thither 
no  more,  to  your  lovely  city  and  fair  homes  and 
dear  wives.  Here  must  ye  abide  and  maintain  my 
rich  shrine,  revered  of  all  men.  For,  lo,  I  am  the 
son  of  Zeus  and  I  claim  to  be  Apollo.  Over  the 
great  Gulf  of  the  sea  I  have  guided  you  hitherto. 
I  have  willed  you  no  harm,  nay,  ye  shall  here  main- 

^  Line  474. 


160      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

tain  my  rich  shrine,  exceeding  revered  of  all  men. 
And  ye  shall  know  the  counsels  of  the  immortals, 
and  by  their  decree  ye  shall  be  honoured  all  your 
days  for  ever  and  ever.' '' 

"  Thus  *  spake  Apollo  and  verily  they  hearkened 
and  obeyed  him." 

"  And  ^  they  started  to  go,  and  at  their  head  went 
Lord  Apollo,  son  of  Zeus.  In  his  hand  he  held  his 
lyre  and  lovely  was  the  music  he  played.  His  step 
was  high  and  goodly,  and  the  Cretans  followed 
on  to  Pytho,  dancing  and  singing  glad  paeans  such 
as  are  the  paeans  of  the  Cretans,  in  whose  hearts 
the  Muse  divine  hath  planted  honey-voiced  song. 
They  cUmbed  the  mountain  with  unwearied  feet, 
and  soon  they  came  to  Parnassus  and  the  lovely 
spot  where  Apollo  was  to  dwell  revered  by  all  man- 
kind." 

The  Hymn  ends  with  a  word  of  warning: 

"  If  ^  there  be  faithless  word  or  deed,  or  outrage 
such  as  often  mortal  men  commit,  then  shall  others 
come  to  be  dictators  over  you,  and  beneath  their 
sway  ye  shall  be  ruled  by  compulsion  all  your  days. 
All  has  been  said  —  Guard  well  my  words  in  your 
hearts." 

Here  follows  the  account  in  the  Eumenides  of 
Aeschylus : 

^  Line  503.        '  Line  514.       «  Line  540. 


DELPHI  161 


Pythia:    '  First  ^  in  my  prayer  I  reverence  of  gods 

First-Prophesying  Earth;  and  Themis  next, 

Who  from  her  mother  in  succession  held 

This  chair  of  divination,  as  they  tell. 

And  third  by  lot  —  of  her  consent  —  not  force 

Titaness  Phoebe,  she  too  child  of  Earth, 

Held  it,  and  gave  it  as  a  natal  gift. 

To  Phoebus  —  thus  the  name  from  Phoebe  bides. 

When  Phoebus  left  the  Delian  lake  and  reef. 

And  beached  his  ship  on  Pallas'  shores  marine. 

He  travelled  thence  to  this  Parnassus'  seat. 

And  they  conduct  him  with  high  reverence  — 

Hephaestus'    sons,    road     builders  —  and    make 

plain 
The  hitherto  rough  places  of  the  earth. 
Here  greatly  did  the  people  honour  him. 
And  Delphos,  sovereign  ruler  of  this  land. 
And  Zeus  his  soul  with  skill  divine  inspired. 
And  seated  him  fourth  prophet  on  his  throne. 
Thus  Loxias  is  spokesman  for  his  sire. 
These  gods  I  worship  in  my  opening  prayer, 
Pallas  Pronaia  ^  likewise  holds  high  place. 
And  next  the  nymphs  I  honour  of  the  cave 

*  Aeschylus:  Eum.,  1  ff. 

2  The  temple  of  Pallas  Pronaia  is  the  first  noted  by  Pau- 
sanias  as  he  arrived  by  the  Sacred  Way.  It  has  been  identified 
as  one  of  the  small  ruined  temples  of  the  so-called  Marmaria. 
Shortly  after  the  writer's  visit  to  Delphi  in  1905,  a  boulder 
dislodged  from  Hyampeia  caused  serious  damage  to  this 
group  of  buildings. 


162      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Corycian,  dear  to  birds,  resort  of  gods, 
Bromios'  haunt,  nor  leave  I  unrecalled 
The  time  the  god  at  head  of  Bacchant  host 
Wrought  doom  to  Pentheus,  hunted  Hke  a  hare. 
The  springs  of  Pleistos  and  Poseidon's  might 
And  highest  Zeus  Consummate  last  I  call  — 
Then  take  my  seat  on  the  prophetic  throne." 

The  prominence  of  the  oracle  all  through  Hellenic 
times  is  tremendous.  And  not  only  the  Grecian 
world,  even  Asia  and  Rome  held  the  Pythian 
utterances  in  deep  reverence.  From  the  first 
priestess  Phemonoe,  who  issued  her  prophecies 
in  hexameter  verse,  through  the  long  centuries 
of  greatness  and  decline  and  renascence  and  at  last 
suppression  at  the  hands  of  the  Christian  Emperor 
Theodosius,  we  meet  at  every  turn  testimony  to 
the  influence  of  the  Delphic  Oracle.  Often  the 
utterances  were  ambiguous  —  the  very  name  Loxias 
was  fancifully  derived  from  the  obUquity  (Xo^oViys) 
of  the  prophecies,  —  often  doubtless  they  were 
corrupted  for  poHtical  ends.  In  spite  of  all,  the 
respect  shown  for  them  even  by  men  Uke  Socrates 
and  Cicero  is  to  us  astounding.  Of  the  innumerable 
episodes  in  the  long  history  of  the  shrine,  we  best 
recall  the  responses  made  to  Oedipus  and  Orestes 
in  the  tragic  cycle,  the  tale  of  Croesus,  the  message 
concerning  the  "  wooden  walls,"  the  vindication  of 
the  sanctity  of  the  shrine  when  the  impious  Persian 


DELPHI  163 


pillagers  were  overwhelmed  by  thunder  and  light- 
ning and  the  crushing  cUffs;  the  inspiration  which 
started  Socrates  upon  his  truth-seeking  career, 
and  finally  the  maxims  of  general  or  special  conduct 
with  which  Hellenic  story  is  filled.  At  last,  when 
JuUan  the  Apostate  consulted  the  oracle  with  refer- 
ence to  his  Persian  campaign,  came  the  last  mourn- 
ful answer  from  the  prophetic  tripod:  "  Say  to  the 
King  that  the  dwelling  place  so  rich  in  art  is  sunk 
to  dust;  Phoebus  has  no  longer  a  roof,  and  no 
prophetic  laurel,  no  speaking  fountain.  Dried  is 
the  fair  water  spring.'' 

The  hill  slopes  above  the  temple  are  covered  with 
interesting  buildings;  but  it  is  beyond  the  scope 
of  these  pages  to  describe  in  detail  the  Cnidian  Lesche 
once  adorned  by  Polygnotus,  the  ThessaUan  votive 
statues,  the  fountain  of  Cassotis:  — 

"  Where  ^  from  the  depths  is  drawn  for  the  libations 
Of  fair-haired  Muses,  water  pure  and  holy." 

We  must  not  pause  to  describe  the  Theatre  and, 
high  above  the  sacred  buildings,  the  splendid 
stadium  of  the  Pythian  Games.  The  fine  Museum 
too,  with  the  world-renowned  charioteer  of  bronze, 
the  Lysippic  Agias,  the  Cnidian  frieze,  the  Sphinx 
of  Naxos,  and  the  charming  dancing  Caryatidae 
of  Siphnos  —  all  these  belong  to  the  province  of  the 

*  Simonides,  44. 


164      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

writer  on  Art  or  Archaeology.  This  is  true  as  well 
of  the  ruins  of  "  The  Marmaria,"  almost  equalling 
in  beauty  those  of  the  Sacred  Enclosure  itself. 

We  returned  to  our  lodgings  in  time  to  witness  a 
most  glorious  sunset  over  the  lower  heights  of  Kiona. 
A  wild  wind  was  blowing,  and  the  scudding  clouds 
were  stained  sanguine,  while  the  mountain  snows 
were  lit  with  crimson  glory  fading  into  pure  crystal- 
line rose  colour.  The  scene  at  first  almost  inspired 
terror;  then,  for  a  moment,  triumphant  exultation; 
then,  as  the  fierce  red  light  vanished  in  an  instant 
from  the  flying  clouds,  there  ensued  a  moment  of 
awe,  and  at  last  the  hurrying  darkness  brought 
hushed  feelings  of  solemn  peace. 


CHAPTER   X 

PARNASSUS   TO   THEBES 

The  Corycian  Grotto  is  situated  high  above  the 
town  of  Delphi  about  half  way  to  the  top  of  Par- 
nassus. The  first  part  of  the  ascent  —  the  Kukyj 
^KaXa  —  is  rough  and  steep.  Anemones  and  other 
wild  flowers  of  every  colour  cover  the  ground 
wherever  the  sun  of  March  has  melted  the  snow. 
Far  above  to  the  eastward  we  catch  sight  of  the 
white  crown  of  the  holy  mountain. 

The  way  passes  through  pine  groves  and  over 
stretches  of  bare  rock,  and,  after  a  couple  of  hours, 
leads  to  the  mouth  of  the  famous  cave.  A  rock  near 
by  bears  an  inscription  which  tells  us  that  the 
grotto  was  sacred  to  Pan  and  the  Corycian  nymphs. 
The  neighbourhood  of  the  cave  was  a  favourite 
haunt  of  Dionysus  and  his  Maenads,  and  the  mysteri- 
ous lights  beheld  afar  by  awestruck  peasants  were 
believed  to  come  from  torches  carried  in  the  mystic 
revels: 

"  The  ^  lurid  gleam'  o'er  the  two-peaked  Rock 
Where  the  Bacchic  nymphs  Corycian  tread." 

» Soph,:  Antig.,  1126. 

165 


166      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

The  Corycian  Grotto  offered  a  refuge  to  the  fleeing 
inhabitants  of  Delphi  when  the  Persians  came,  and 
many  centuries  later  it  served  as  one  of  the  most 
important  strongholds  of  the  chieftains  of  the  War 
of  Independence. 

Our  visit  to  the  cave  filled  the  morning  of  our  last 
day  at  Delphi,  and  on  the  morrow  we  started  early 
along  the  Sacred  Way. 

From  Delphi  the  road  gradually  ascends  to 
Arachova.  The  gorge  of  the  Pleistos  was  far  below 
us  on  our  right,  and  over  the  cUffs  of  Kirphis,  which 
form  its  southern  wall,  we  could  catch  occasional 
glimpses  of  the  snowy  tops  of  far-off  Arcadian 
mountains  beyond  the  Gulf  of  Corinth.  We  could 
not  see  the  Gulf  itself,  but  its  position  was  marked 
by  the  thick  banks  of  clouds  which  seemed  to  rise 
from  it,  often  shutting  out  the  distant  mountains. 
On  our  left  rose  the  slope  of  Parnassus,  dotted  by 
scanty  evergreens.  Occasionally  we  passed  a  few 
fruit  trees  in  blossom,  and  here  and  there  an  olive; 
but  the  region  is  mostly  barren  save  for  the  vines 
which  produce  the  Arachovan  wine. 

Just  before  reaching  the  town,  a  bend  in  the  road 
gives  a  last  opportunity  to  look  back  at  Delphi. 

Arachova  is  no  mean  town  in  spite  of  its  isolated 
position.  The  inhabitants  are  of  pure  Greek  stock, 
and  the  women  are  handsome,  while  the  men  and 
boys  are  splendid. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  167 

After  passing  through  the  town,  the  road  winds 
down  the  long  pass  of  Parnassus.  We  soon  came  to 
the  end  of  the  well-built  modern  highway,  and  from 
this  point  travel  became  increasingly  difficult. 
Clouds  had  gathered  too,  and  soon  rain  followed; 
and  we  floundered  over  slippery  rocks  and  through 
sticky  clay,  scarcely  caring  whether  there  was  a  path 
or  not.  The  wild  scenery  of  Zemeno,  as  this  part 
of  the  pass  is  called,  was  grander  and  more  gloomy 
for  the  storm.  The  clouds  came  tumbling  down  the 
cliffs  on  either  side  till  they  dissolved  in  fine  rain, 
while  the  prospect  in  front  was  completely  cut  off. 
We  were  glad  enough  at  last  to  take  refuge  for  an 
hour  in  an  old  Khan  built  in  Turkish  times  at  a  point 
about  half  way  through  the  pass. 

We  were  nearing  the  famous  '^x'-^'^  ^Sos,  the 
triple  cross  roads  of  which  the  mention  in  the 
Oedipus  Tyrannus  fills  us  with  shivering  awe  as 
they  are  named  again  and  again.  While  the  guides 
were  preparing  lunch,  the  account  of  Sophocles  was 
read  aloud: 

"  Now  *  Polybus  of  Corinth  was  my  sire; 
My  mother,  Dorian  Merope,  and  I 
Was  held  the  noblest  of  the  city,  till 
This  chance  befel  me,  worthy  wonderment,  — 
Yet  haply  not  so  weighty  as  I  deemed. 
A  fellow  at  a  banquet,  flown  with  wine, 
»Soph.:  Oed.,  774ff. 


168       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Taunts  me,  as  foisted  spurious  on  my  sire. 

And  I  my  wrath  that  day  could  scarce  restrain, 

And  on  the  next,  my  parents  I  approached 

And  questioned  closely  —  they  th'  affront  received 

With  deep  offence  'gainst  him  who  spake  the  charge. 

And  I  on  their  concern  was  satisfied; 

But  yet  this  stung  me  ever,  sinking  deep. 

Unknown  to  parents,  then,  I  took  my  way 

To  Pytho,  and,  unsatisfied  in  that 

I  came  for,  Phoebus  let  me  go,  but  dire 

And  woful  were  his  other  prophecies: 

That  I  with  my  own  mother  should  be  joined 

And  bring  to  light  a  stock  unbearable. 

And  of  my  father  should  be  murderer. 

And  when  I  heard  it,  the  Corinthian  land 

Henceforth  I  measured  by  the  stars  alone, 

And  fled  to  where  I  never  might  behold 

The  horrors  of  my  oracles  fulfilled. 

And,  in  my  flight,  I  reached  this  spot  whereat 

Thou  say  est  that  this  monarch  met  his  doom. 

And  thou,  my  wife,  shalt  have  the  truth,  —  for 

when 
Journeying  I  approached  that  triple  road, 
There  did  a  herald  meet  me  and  a  man 
Mounted  on  horse-drawn  car  as  thou  hast  said. 
And  from  the  road  the  charioteer  essayed 
By  force  to  drive  me,  and  the  elder  too. 
The  man  who  sought  to  turn  me  from  the  path 
—  The  Charioteer  —  in  rage  I  smote;  but  when 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  169 

The  elder  saw  me  passing  by  the  car, 

Watching  his  chance,  with  double  whip  he  struck 

Full  on  my  head  —  nor  equal  pay  received. 

For  at  a  sharp  blow  from  my  staff  he  rolled 

Upon  his  back  from  middle  of  the  car. 

I  slew  them  all  —  but  if  of  kin  there  be 

Betwixt  this  stranger  aught,  and  Laius'  house, 

What  man  more  wretched  in  the  world  than  I? 

Whom  none  of  strangers  nor  of  citizens 

May  take  into  his  house,  nor  e'en  address. 

But  all  must  drive  me  forth,  and  none  it  was 

But  only  I  this  curse  upon  me  laid.  .  .  . 

Nay  then,  nay  then,  oh  holy  powers  divine, 

Ne'er  may  I  see  that  day,  but  from  mankind 

May  I  depart  unseen  e'er  I  behold 

Such  stain  of  horror  come  upon  my  head!  " 

At  the  Triple  Roads  we  turned  northward,  and 
made  our  way  slowly  through  rough  and  lonely 
country.  The  only  living  creatures  were  the  occa- 
sional flocks  of  goats  with  herdsmen  in  rough  cloaks 
looking  as  wild  and  shaggy  as  their  charges.  After 
an  hour  or  more  of  difficult  progress,  the  prospect 
widened,  and  far  to  the  northeast  appeared  the 
Boeotian  Plain.  Beyond  rose  the  mountains  which 
guard  the  ancient  Orchomenos,  and  in  the  remote 
distance  were  the  Euboean  Heights,  visible  when  the 
weather  is  clear.  To  us,  even  Helicon  near  by  on  our 
right  was  veiled  in  low-lying  clouds.    Our  goal  for 


170      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

the  night  was  Daulia,  a  populous  town  commanding 
a  wide  view  over  the  plain.  It  is  ill  built,  and  our 
quarters  proved  to  be  uncomfortable. 

This  is  the  ancient  Daulis,  the  scene  of  the  sad 
tale  of  Procne  and  Philomela.  Ovid  has  told  how 
the  sisters  were  changed,  the  one  into  a  swallow, 
the  other  into  a  nightingale,  while  the  wicked  Tereus 
became  a  hoopoe.  The  lament  of  the  nightingale 
for  the  slain  Itys  or  Itylus  is  famed  in  poetry  ancient 
and  modern. 

A  fragment  of  the  Phaethon  of  Euripides  refers 
to  it  thus: 

"  And  ^  on  the  trees,  the  nightingale 
Singeth  her  tender  harmony. 
Crying  in  loud  lament 
The  woful  Itys!     Itys!" 

The  chorus  of  Danaides  ^  in  the  SuppHants  of 
Aeschylus  compare  their  hymn  of  lamentation  to 
that  of  the  nightingale: 

"  But  if  there  be  at  hand 
Some  dweller  in  the  land 
Bird-tending,  he  will  fancy  when  he  hears 
Our  strain  of  tears 
That  he  is  listening  to  the  voice 

1  Eurip.:  Frag.  Phae.,  21-24. 

2  Aeschylus:   Suppl.,  56-65. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  171 

Of  her^  the  wife  of  Tereus,  wise, 
The  nightingale,  by  kite  pursued. 

Who,  from  her  native  wood 
And  streams  compelled  to  roam, 
Mourns  for  her  wonted  home 
In  strange  lamenting  wail. 
Mingling  therewith  of  her  own  son  the  tale, 
How  by  her  hand  he  perished  —  murderous  deed! 
A  wretched  mother's  fury  was  his  meed/' 

"  But  ^  the  bird  of  lamentation 

Suiteth  well  my  soul; 
Who  ever  waileth  Itys!   Itys! 
Bird  of  mourning,  messenger  of  Zeus." 

Aristophanes  in  the  Birds  seems  to  ignore  the 
most  horrible  features  of  the  legend,  and  represents 
the  hoopoe  and  the  nightingale  as  reconciled  and 
bound  by  tender  conjugal  affection: 

"  Come  ^  partner  of  mine,  oh  cease  from  thy  sleep 
And  free  thou  the  strains  of  thy  holy  hymns, 
Which  from  mouth  divine  thou  dost  pour  in  lament 
For  thy  Itys  and  mine,  the  often  bewept. 
And  aye  as  it  trilleth  in  numbers  divine 

From  thy  yellow  throat, 
The  echo  pure,  through  the  leafy  hair 

»Soph.:  Electra,  146-149. 
'Aristoph.:  Birds,  209-222. 


172       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Of  the  smilax,  floateth  to  throne  of  Zeus; 

Where  golden-haired  Phoebus  the  sound  doth  hear 

And  tuning  his  lyre  with  ivory  bound, 

To  thy  elegy  answering,  leadeth  the  dance 

Of  gods,  and  together  in  concord  divine, 

From  voices  immortal  ariseth  the  cry 

Of  the  Blessed  ones'  heavenly  singing." 

The  journey  from  Daulia  to  Chaeronea  was  accom- 
plished in  a  down-pour  of  rain,  and  the  beauty  of 
the  scenery  was  almost  wholly  missed.  Our  way 
lay  past  the  site  of  the  ancient  Panopeus,  the  birth- 
place of  Epeios  who  built  the  wooden  horse.  Quintus 
Smyrnaeus  gives  an  account  of  the  dream  which 
inspired  Epeios  to  the  undertaking,  and  his  lines 
have  much  of  the  beauty  of  genuine  Homeric 
Poetry:  — 

"  When  ^  now  the  stars  were  turning  their  path 

through  the  glittering  heaven. 
Gleaming  on  every  hand,  and  man  his  work  had 

forgotten. 
Then   did   Athene  leave  the  lofty  abode  of  the 

Blessed, 
And,  to  the  tender  form  of  a  maid  in  every  way 

likened. 
Came  to  the  ships  and  the  host,  and  over  the  head 

of  Epeios, 

»Q.  Smym.:  Bk.  xii.  Lines  104-121. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  173 

Ares-beloved,  she  stood  in  a  dream,  and  quickly 

she  bade  him 
Build  him  a  horse  of  wood,  and  said  that  herself  in 

the  labour 
With  him  would  toil;  to  this  end  herself  had  sped  to 

his  bedside, 
Urging  him  on  to  the  task.    He,  hearing  the  voice 

of  the  goddess. 
Laughed  in  his  spirit,  and  leaped  from  his  couch  of 

slumber  unheeding. 
Well  he  knew  'twas  a  goddess  immortal,  nor  ever 

his  spirit 
Pondered  aught  else,  but  aye  he  fixed  his  mind  on 

the  duty 
Heaven-enjoined,  and  skilful  the  craft  invaded  his 

spirit. 
When  now  Aurora  came,  to  Erebus  driving  the 

shadows. 
When  too  the  fierce-eyed  gleam  of  the  day  pervaded 

the  Ether, 
Then  did  Epeios  the  dream  divine,  as  he  saw  it  and 

heard  it. 
Tell  in  the  midst  of  the  Argives,  who  greatly  longed 

for  the  story 
They,  when  they  heard  the  tale,  rejoiced  with  a 

gladness  unbounded." 

The  western  part  of   Boeotia  was  once  covered 
with  the  shallow  waters  of  the  Copaic  Lake,  famous 


174       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

in  the  plays  of  Aristophanes  for  its  deUcious  eels. 
Much  of  the  lake  has  been  drained  within  recent 
years,  and  a  large  and  fertile  tract  has  been  re- 
claimed for  agriculture.  To  the  south  stretches 
the  chain  of  Helicon,  the  abode  of  the  Muses,  and  as 
one  advances,  the  great  mass  of  Parnassus  seems 
to  rise  higher  and  higher  behind  one  and  to  brood 
over  the  whole  plain. 

Chaeronea  was  the  birthplace  of  Plutarch,  whose 
stone  chair  is  still  shown  to  the  faithful  in  the  village 
church.  Hard  by  is  the  small  ancient  theatre  with 
seats  hewn  out  of  the  hill  of  the  acropolis.  Near 
the  town,  there  is  a  common  tomb  of  those  Thebans 
who  fell  in  the  struggle  against  Philip.  ^'  Now  ^ 
there  is  no  inscription,  but  a  lion  is  set  hard  by. 
And  this  refers  chiefly  to  the  brave  spirit  of  the 
men.  And  an  inscription  is  wanting,  I  think,  be- 
cause no  destiny  corresponding  to  their  daring 
attended  them."  After  lying  for  many  years  in 
sorrowful  ruin,  the  great  lion  has  lately  been  set  on  a 
high  pedestal,  and  is  visible  from  far  across  the 
plain.  The  crouching  marble  Hon  which  used  to 
crown  the  mound  of  Marathon  commemorated  the 
first  triumph  of  independent  Hellas  against  a  foreign 
foe.  The  Lion  of  Chaeronea  is  a  memorial  of  the 
final  disaster,  when  independent  Hellas  fell  beneath 
the  Macedonian.  Yet  he  is  not  crouching,  but 
proudly  sitting  with  head  erect  and  an  expression 

*  Pausanias,  ix.  40.  5. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  175 

of  mournful  sternness.    The  spirit  of  Greece  was  not 
broken.    The  news  indeed: 

"...  of  ^  that  dishonest  victory 

At  Chaeronea  fatal  to  liberty, 
Killed  with  report  that  old  man  eloquent." 

For  Isocrates  could  look  back  over  nearly  a 
century  of  life  to  the  days  when  Macedon  was  re- 
garded as  a  semi-barbarous  foreign  kingdom.  And 
yet  the  conquerors  were  not  wholly  foreigners,  and  it 
was  but  a  few  years  later  that  Alexander  the  Great, 
who  won  his  spurs  on  the  fields  of  Chaeronea,  was 
to  carry  the  name  and  fame  of  Greece  to  the  utter- 
most parts  of  the  earth. 

Demosthenes,  who  took  part  in  the  battle  and 
shared  in  the  general  flight,  was  chosen  to  pronounce 
in  the  Ceramicus,  at  Athens,  the  funeral  oration 
over  the  Athenians  who  fell  on  the  field,  and  whose 
bodies  were  given  up  by  Philip  for  burial  in  their 
native  soil.  The  Funeral  Oration  which  appears 
in  the  collection  of  the  works  of  Demosthenes  is  of 
doubtful  authenticity,  though  it  contains  many 
fine  passages: 

"  But  2  it  results  of  necessity  that  when  a  battle 
takes  place,  one  side  is  defeated,  the  other  victori- 
ous.   Now  I  should  not  hesitate  to  say  that  in  my 

*  Milton.    Sonnet  to  the  Lady  Margaret  Lay. 
2  Demos.:  Epitaph.  1394,  24,  and  1398,  54. 


176      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

opinion,  those  of  either  side  who  die  in  the  ranks 
share  not  in  the  defeat,  but  that  both  aHke  are 
victorious.  For  victory  is  apportioned  to  the 
survivors  according  as  Heaven  grants;  whereas 
that  which  each  man  could  contribute  to  victor}^, 
every  man  who  has  stood  his  ground  has  fulfilled. 
But  if  as  mortal  he  has  met  his  allotted  fate,  it  is 
by  fortune  he  has  received  that  which  has  befallen 
him,  in  spirit  he  has  not  been  worsted  by  his  adver- 
sary. .  .  . 

"  Now  ^  the  surviving  kindred  of  these  men 
indeed  deserve  pity,  for  they  have  been  bereft 
of  such  heroes  and  disjoined  from  long  and  loving 
companionship;  and  they  see  the  fortunes  of  their 
fatherland  desolate,  and  full  of  tears  and  mourning. 
But,  rightly  considered,  Heaven  has  granted  these 
men  to  leave  behind  them,  not  for  a  brief  space,  but 
for  long  and  unending  time,  a  glorious  memory  that 
grows  not  old.  In  the  hght  of  this  their  sons  shall 
grow  up  famous,  and  their  parents  shall  be  main- 
tained in  an  honoured  old  age  with  the  renown  of 
these  their  sons  for  consolation  to  their  grief." 

At  Chaeronea  we  took  the  train  for  Athens.  The 
gray  lion  at  last  faded  from  our  sight  far  across  the 
Boeotian  Plain,  and  the  afternoon  sun  dispersed 
the  clouds  on  Helicon  just  before  it  was  too  late. 
Behind  us,  the  great  round  brow  of  Parnassus  looks 
forth  over  the  whole  valley,  and  is  not  lost  to  sight 

1  Line  1399.  44. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  177 

till  one  is  nearly  at  Thebes.  The  Plain  is  full  of 
memories  both  mythical  and  historical;  but  the 
history  is  of  treason  and  civil  strife,  and  the  myths 
are  tales  of  horror.  We  rounded  the  rugged  hill 
where  the  Sphinx  once  dwelt  and  reached  Thebes. 

The  smiling  httle  town  is  different  enough  now 
from  the  stately  city  of  the  seven  gates  and  the 
seven  fountains,  the  scene  of  the  birth  and  ven- 
geance of  the  Bacchic  god,  of  the  horrors  of  the 
house  of  Oedipus,  and  of  the  treason  of  the  people 
when  the  Persians  came.  The  Spring  of  Dirce  can 
still  be  seen,  and  the  archaeologists  can  guess 
approximately  the  positions  of  some  of  the  Seven 
Gates.  But  the  real  Thebes  is  ours  forever  in  the 
great  dramas  of  Aeschylus,  Sophocles,  and  Euripides. 

The  Mighty  Seven  lead  on  their  hosts  against  the 
beleaguered  city: 

"  I  ^  cry  dread  woes  and  mighty! 
An  host  is  come  upon  me. 
Leaving  its  camp,  it  poureth, 
Yon  throng  of  horse  precursor! 
The  dust  to  heaven  rising  is  my  witness, 
Bearer  of  tidings  true  though  speechless. 

"  And,  ever  nearer  to  mine  ears, 
My  country's  plains,  hoof-smitten, 
Bring  the  loud  shouting. 
*  Aesch.:  Seven  against  Thebes,  78  ff. 


178      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  It  flieth,  it  roareth 
Like  resistless  waters 
Cleaving  the  mountains. 
Oh  gods,  oh  goddesses,  avert  the  rushing  doom! 

"  White-shielded  hosts  in  fair  array, 
Their  footsteps  guiding  in  pursuit, 
Dash  o^er  the  walls  with  shouting. 

Who  shall  deliver? 
Who  of  gods  or  goddesses  defend? 

Ares,  thou  guardian  of  our  ancient  land, 
Wilt  thou  forsake  thine  own? 
God  of  the  golden  helm,  behold,  behold  thy  city 
Which  once  thou  heldest  dear! 
Gods  of  our  country,  city-warding,  come,  oh,  come! 

"  Behold  the  band  of  virgins 
Praying  deliverance  from  thraldom. 

For  round  our  city. 
By  breath  of  Ares  driven, 
Roareth  a  wave  of  men  with  bending  crest. 
But  oh  thou  All-fulfilling  Zeus, 
With  all  thy  power  succour 
That  we  fall  not  to  our  foes! 

"  Now  round  the  citadel  of  Cadmus 
The  Argives  circle 
In  awful  panoply  of  war. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  179 

The  bridles,  bound  upon  their  horses*  jaws 
Clang  slaughter. 
Seven  mighty  chiefs,  conspicuous  *mid  the  host, 
With  spears  against  our  seven  gates 
Press  close,  by  lot  appointed." 

Before  the  palace  gates  stands  Oedipus,  the  hero 
king,  now  bUnd  and  fallen  while  the  people  wonder: 

"  Citizens  ^  of  Thebes  ancestral,  yonder  Oedipus 

behold! 
Him  who  solved  the  famed  enigma  and  was  worthiest 

of  men. 
Who  upon  the  City's  fortunes  with  no  eye  of  envy 

gazed, 
Lo,  in  what  a  wave  of  sorrow  awful  he  hath  now 

been  whelmed. 
Therefore  one  who  is  a  mortal,  to  behold  yon  final 

day 
Looking,  it  indeed  behoveth  none  to  deem  a  happy 

man. 
Ere  the  goal  of  Hfe  he  passeth,  having  suffered 

naught  of  pain.'* 

The  city  was  the  birthplace  of  Dionysus.  Euripi- 
des in  the  Bacchantes  tells  of  the  awful  vengeance 
of  the  God  upon  the  infidel  king  Pentheus.     The 

^Soph.:  Oed.Tyr.,  1523. 


180      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Choruses  of  the  play  are  full  of  beauty.  There  is 
a  wild,  mystic,  almost  oriental  frenzy  in  the  songs 
of  the  maenad  rout  that  followed  the  strange  young 
god  to  the  mad  revels  on  Cithaeron: 

"  Oh  ^  Thebes,  the  nurse  of  Semele, 
Crown,  crown  thy  head  with  ivy, 
Teem,  teem,  with  verdant  smilax  fair  and  fruitful, 
Come  join  the  Bacchic  revel 
With  boughs  of  oak  and  pine. 
Your  dappled  fawn-robes  crown 
With  tufts  of  silvery  fleeces. 

"  The  sportive  fennel  toss  in  holy  mirth 
Soon  the  whole  land  shall  join  the  dance, 
When  Bromios  leadeth  forth  his  band, 
To  the  mountain,  to  the  mountain, 
Where  the  female  rout  awaiteth, 
From  loom  and  distaff  far, 
By  Dionysus  frenzy  goaded.  .  .  . 

"  Oh  happy  he  who  on  the  hills, 

After  wild  running  dance, 
■    Fainteth  to  earth,  who  weareth 
The  holy  robe  of  fawn. 
And  seeketh  blood  of  goats,  the  joy  of  flesh  raw 
eaten, 

As  he  dasheth  to  the  mountains 

*  Eurip.:  Bacchae. 


PARNASSUS  TO  THEBES  181 

The  Phrygian,  the  Lydian, 
And  Bromios  at  the  head  —  Evoel 

"  The  ground  with  milk  is  flowing, 
With  wine  and  nectar  of  the  bees. 
Smoke  riseth  as  of  Lydian  frankincense, 

The  Bacchic  god,  with  ruddy  pine  fiame 

On  thyrsus  held  aloft, 
Leapeth  with  running  and  with  dance 
Urging  his  roving  bands. 
Rousing  with  cry  he  tosseth 
To  the  wind  his  locks  abundant. 
The  while  with  joyous  roar  he  shouteth 
Oh  Bacchants  Go! 
Oh  Bacchants  Go! 
Glory  of  Tmolus'  golden  streams, 
Sing  Dionysus 
With  deep-thundering  drums. 
With  Evoe  celebrate  the  Evian  God! 
With  shouts  and  Phrygian  cries. 

"  What  time  the  pipe  with  joyful  noise, 
The  holy  pipe,  its  holy  mirth 
Resoundeth  in  accord  with  frantic  wanderers 
To  the  Mountain,  to  the  Mountain. 
And  joyous  as  the  colt 
Beside  its  grazing  mother 
The  Bacchant  guideth  nimble  feet  in  leapings." 


182      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

The  way  led  us  past  Tanagra  almost  to  the  Euripus. 
Far  off  the  Euboean  hills  were  Ughted  by  the  pink 
of  sunset,  and  darkness  overtook  us  before  we 
pierced  the  tunnel  of  Parnes  and  reached  the  Attic 
Plain. 


CHAPTER  XI 

OLYMPIA 

The  visit  to  Olympia  is  apt  to  be  the  last  of  one's 
Grecian  sojourn,  for  Patras,  whence  the  ItaUan 
steamers  sail,  is  a  convenient  place  at  which  to  spend 
the  night  en  route. 

After  leaving  Corinth,  the  railroad  skirts  the  Gulf 
for  hours  through  country  of  a  markedly  different 
appearance  from  that  to  which  one  has  become 
accustomed  in  Northern  Greece.  Instead  of  a  hard 
stony  soil  and  exposed  wind-swept  hills,  we  were 
now  in  a  land  of  smiUng  vineyards  and  currant 
plantations.  Many  pretty  valleys  run  inland  from 
the  coast,  winding  their  way  between  the  green 
slopes  of  sharp-pointed  hills  of  odd  volcanic  ap- 
pearance. Villages  are  numerous  and  the  landward 
view  from  the  train  offers  an  unending  succession  of 
pictures  full  of  charm  and  interest.  On  the  seaward 
side  the  contrast  is  complete.  Across  the  peaceful 
Gulf,  marches  in  lordly  pomp  the  solemn  procession 
of  the  mighty  giants,  Cithaeron,  Helicon,  Parnassus, 
Kiona,  and  Korax  —  on  to  the  Golden  Gate  of 
Rhium  and  Antirrhium,  which  recalls  not  a  httle 

183 


184      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

the   wonderful   Western   Portal   of   the   American 
Continent. 

After  leaving  Corinth,  we  had  a  fine  view  of  the 
ancient  temple,  with  Acrocorinthus  rising  in  the 
background.  We  sped  through  a  level  tract  almost 
wholly  devoted  to  currant  vines.  The  trade  in 
currants  is  perhaps  the  chief  source  of  wealth  to 
Greece  at  the  present  day.  Sicyon  is  the  first 
station  of  importance,  and  at  this  point  we  took 
leave,  for  a  time,  of  Hterary  and  historical  asso- 
ciations, —  at  least  such  as  are  connected  with  the 
classic  days  of  Grecian  story.  After  Sicyon  we 
entered  Achaea,  where  associations  belong  chiefly 
to  the  days  of  the  decUne  and  the  Roman  Conquest. 
Phormio's  naval  victory  in  429  b.  c.  took  place  not 
far  from  Naupactus,  which  was  situated  on  the 
northern  shore  of  the  Gulf  near  its  narrowest  point; 
but  to  most  minds  the  name  —  in  its  modern  form 
of  Lepanto  —  recalls  the  far  more  famous  sea  fight 
of  A.  D.  1570,  when  Don  John  of  Austria  shattered  the 
Turkish  fleet.^  Farther  on  is  Missolonghi.  Nothing 
in  the  anmals  of  ancient  Greece  is  more  glorious  than 
the  story  of  this  modern  town.  The  desperate  de- 
fence against  the  Turks,  and  the  resistance  of  the 
inhabitants  in  spite  of  the  most  awful  sufferings, 

*  The  scene  of  the  battle  was  a  long  distance  to  the  west- 
ward of  Naupactus.  In  fact  much  of  the  fighting  took  place 
actually  outside  the  mouth  of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth.  Cervantes 
lost  an  arm  in  the  battle. 


OLYMPIA  185 


till  the  very  last  extremity,  afford  one  of  the  most 
noble  examples  of  heroism  recorded  in  history. 
Those  who  criticize  the  conduct  of  the  Greeks  during 
the  struggle  for  independence  —  and  there  is  much 
to  deplore  —  ought  not  to  forget  Missolonghi. 
Byron  died  here  in  1824,  and  his  heart  is  buried 
here. 

The  Gulf  expands  beyond  Rhium,  and  Mount 
PanaetoUum  appears  far  to  the  north.  Nearer  rises 
Aracynthus,  at  the  feet  of  which  lay  the  ancient 
Calydon,  dear  to  lovers  of  Atalanta  swift  of  foot. 
ApoUodorus  tells  the  tale  of  the  Calydonian  hunt: 

"  Of  ^  Oeneus,^  Althaea  bore  a  son  Meleager  who 
they  say  was  really  sprung  from  Ares.  But  when 
he  was  seven  days  old,  they  say  that  the  Fates 
came  and  declared  that  Meleager  would  die,  so  soon 
as  the  brand  burning  on  the  hearth  should  be  burned 
out.  On  hearing  this.  Althaea  plucked  the  brand 
from  the  fire,  and  laid  it  in  a  chest.  But  Meleager, 
having  grown  to  be  a  man  invulnerable  and  noble, 
died  in  the  following  wise.  Of  the  year's  crops 
which  grew  in  the  land,  Oeneus,  sacrificing  first 
fruits  to  all  the  gods,  forgot  only  Artemis.  But  the 
goddess  in  wrath  sent  a  boar  excelling  in  size  and 
strength,  who  rendered  the  country  sterile,  and 
destroyed  the  herds  and  the  men  who  crossed  his 
path.  Against  this  boar  Oeneus  summoned  the 
noblest  from  all  Greece,  and  to  him  who  would  slay 

*  ApoUodorus,  i.  8.  2  fif.        ^  King  of  Aetolia. 


186      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

the  beast,  he  promised  to  give  the  hide  as  reward 
of  valour.  Now  those  who  gathered  to  the  hunt 
of  the  boar  were  these:  .  .  .  and  Atalanta,  daugh- 
ter of  Schoeneus  from  Arcadia,  and  the  sons  of 
Thestios.  And  when  they  came  together,  Oeneus 
feasted  them  nine  days.  But  on  the  tenth,  when 
Cepheus  and  Ancaeus  and  certain  others  dechned 
to  go  forth  to  the  hunt  in  company  with  a  woman, 
Meleager,  .  .  .  wishing  to  win  the  love  of  Atalanta, 
compelled  them  to  go  with  her  to  the  hunt.  Now 
when  they  had  surrounded  the  boar,  Hyleus  and 
Ancaeus  were  destroyed  by  the  beast,  and  Peleus 
accidentally  pierced  Eurytion  with  his  javehn. 
But  Atalanta  first  shot  the  boar  in  the  back,  and 
Amphiaraus  next,  in  the  eye.  But  Meleager  smote 
him  in  the  flank  and  slew  him,  and  having  received 
the  hide  gave  it  to  Atalanta.  But  the  sons  of 
Thestios,  deeming  it  shameful  that  a  woman  should 
win  the  prize  when  men  were  present,  took  from  her 
the  hide,  saying  that  it  properly  belonged  to  them 
on  the  score  of  relationship,  if  Meleager  chose  not 
to  keep  it.  Then  Meleager  in  anger  slew  the  sons 
of  Thestios,  and  gave  back  the  hide  to  Atalanta. 
But  Althaea,  in  grief  at  the  death  of  her  brothers,  set 
the  brand  on  fire,  and  Meleager  suddenly  perished." 
A  manuscript  of  BacchyUdes  was  discovered  in 
Egypt  a  few  years  ago,  to  which  we  are  indebted 
for  the  fine  poem  from  which  the  following  descrip- 
tion of  the  fate  of  Meleager  is  taken. 


OLYMPIA  187 


(Heracles  in  Hades  encounters  Meleager  who  tells 
the  tale:) 

"  Then  ^  him  with  tears  addressing,  Meleager: 

"  'Tis  hard  for  men  on  earth 
The  will  of  gods  aside  to  turn  — 
For  Oeneus,  smiter  of  the  steed, 
The  wrath  of  holy  white-armed  Artemis 

Had  else  appeased, 
My  sire,  by  offerings  of  many  goats 
And  dun-backed  bulls. 
But  unsubdued  her  fury 
The  maiden  goddess  kept, 
And  sped  to  Calydon's  fair  fields 
A  boar  of  prowess  wide,  in  battle  shameless. 
Where  he,  with  deluge- might. 
The  vineyard  with  his  tusks  did  shear, 
Slaughter  the  herds  and  whosoe'er 

Of  mortals  came  to  face  him. 
Right  vahantly  we  heroes  of  the  Greeks 
In  hateful  strife  withstood  him, 
Six  days  together,  till  at  last 
Heaven  gave  th'  AetoHans  victory,  and  we  buried 
Those  whom  the  boar  wild-roaring  slew, 
Leaping  with  violence. 

Thestios'  daughter  of  valiant  spirit, 
111  fated  mother  mine, 
*  Bacchylides,  v.  93  ff . 


188      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Contrived  my  death,  woman  of  dauntless  heart, 
And  from  the  carven  chest, 
The  brand  with  swift  doom  fraught. 
With  lamentation  loud  she  took  and  burned. 
But  this  when  I  was  born. 
Destiny  spun  to  be  my  bound  of  living. 

And  short  to  me  sweet  life 
With  failing  strength  I  knew.    Alas! 
Breathing  my  latest  breath  I  wept. 
Unhappy,  splendid  youth  forsaking. 

"  —  They  say  Amphitryon's  son. 
Who  ne'er  the  battle  shout  had  feared. 

Then  only  dewed  his  eyelids 
In  pity  for  the  fate  of  him  who  suffered; 
And  answering  thus  he  spake: 
'For  mortals  best  unborn  to  be 
Nor  e'er  behold  the  splendour  of  the  sun. 
But  naught  availeth  us  to  mourn  these 
things.'  "  ^ 

Travellers  to  Olympia  usually  spend  the  night  at 
Patras  and  take  thence  a  morning  train  which 
reaches  Olympia  about  noon.  This  journey  round 
the  corner  of  Peloponnesus  is  an  interesting  one. 
Landward  we  have  fine  views  of  Panachaicon  and 

^For  the  whole  story  see  Swinburne's  beautiful  poem, 
Atalanta  in  Calydon. 


OLYMPIA  189 


Erymanthus  —  the  haunt  of  the  boar  slain  by 
Heracles  —  and  seaward  are  the  beautiful  Ionian 
Islands. 

"Dulichion,  Same,  and  woody  Zacynthus."  ^ 

Dr.  Dorpfeld  is  an  able  champion  of  the  doctrine 
that  Leucadia,  the  Promontory  of  the  Lover's  Leap, 
is  in  reality  the  Ithaca  of  Odysseus;  although  the 
island  now  called  Ithaca  has  held  the  name  ever 
since  the  period  immediately  succeeding  the  time 
of  Homer.  The  Ithaca  of  to-day  seems  to  nestle 
under  the  protection  of  its  mighty  neighbour 
Cephallenia,^  which  rears  its  snowy  crown  high  out 
of  a  sapphire  sea. 

"  Rough,^  but  a  good  nurse  of  heroes,  I  surely  at 

least  can  discover 
No  other  land  upon  earth  more  sweet  than  the  land 

of  one's  fathers." 

Olympia  is  at  the  confluence  of  the  Cladeos  and 
the  Alpheios,  the  same  Alpheios  who  wooed  the 
unwilUng  Arethusa,  pursuing  her  beneath  the  sea 
even  to  distant  Sicily  where  now: 

^  Homer:  Odyssey,  ix.  24. 

*  Probably  the  ancient  Dulichion. 

'  Homer:  Odyssey,  ix.  27. 


190      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

"  Like^  friends  once  parted 

Grown  single-hearted 
They  ply  their  watery  tasks." 

Shelley  is  more  musical  than  geographically  exact 
when  he  places  Arethusa's  couch  of  snows  on  the 
Acroceraunian  mountains  which  are  in  far  off 
Epiros. 

"  And  ^  other  such  tales  are  related  concerning 
the  Alpheios,  that  he  was  a  huntsman  and  that  he 
loved  Arethusa,  and  that  she  also  was  wont  to  hunt. 
And  they  say  that  Arethusa,  unwilling  to  wed, 
passed  over  to  the  island  near  Syracuse,  called 
Ortygia,  and  there  from  a  woman  became  a  fountain. 
And  that  from  his  passion  the  change  to  a  river 
befel  Alpheios  also.  These  things  belong  to  the  tale 
of  Alpheios  with  reference  to  Ortygia.  But  that 
he  went  through  the  sea  and  there  (i.  e.  in  Ortygia) 
mingled  his  waters  with  the  fountain,  it  is  not 
possible  for  me  to  disbeUeve;  for  I  know  that  the 
god  at  Delphi  agrees  with  this,  who  when  dispatch- 
ing Archias  the  Corinthian,  to  the  colonization  of 
Syracuse,  spoke  these  words: 

*' Ortygia  Ueth  an  isle  in  the  misty  waves  of  the 
ocean. 
Near  the  Trinacrian  shore  where  gusheth  the  mouth 
of  Alpheios, 

*  Shelley:   Arethusa.        '  Pausanias,  v.  7.  2. 


OLYMPIA  191 


Mingling  his  waters  with  those  of  the  fair-flowing 
fount  Arethusa/' 

The  two  rivers  of  Olympia  held  a  prominent  place 
in  the  Greek  imagination.  We  find  them  mentioned 
frequently  in  poetry  and  prose,  and  their  personi- 
fied forms  occupied  the  corners  of  the  eastern 
pediment  of  the  great  temple  of  Zeus. 

Perhaps  nowhere  in  Greece  can  the  beauty  of  early 
spring  be  better  appreciated  than  at  Olympia. 
Instead  of  the  bare  gray  hills  and  stony  plains  to 
which  we  have  become  accustomed,  green  fields 
spread  themselves  under  a  warm  sun  far  along  the 
valley  of  the  Alpheios  till  they  reach  the  feet  of 
the  low  hills  which  divide  EHs  from  Arcadia.  The 
oHve  alone  gives  a  sombre  tone  to  a  landscape.  Here 
we  have  cheerful  pine  groves  as  well,  crowning  the 
surrounding  hills,  while  the  plain  is  dotted  with  fruit 
trees  in  full  bloom,  looking  like  patches  of  snow- 
white  cloud.  Showers  are  frequent  at  this  season, 
but  so  are  the  bursts  of  warm  sunshine  SaKpvoev 
yeXda-aa-ai  Hke  Andromache  of  old.  Nothing  can 
be  more  complete  than  the  contrast  between  Delphi 
and  Olympia.  At  Delphi  the  stern  "  gorge  of  the 
mountain  "  was  a  fit  setting  to  the  dark  warnings 
uttered  from  the  Pythian  shrine;  while  here  all  is 
bright  for  the  gay  festival  and  the  brilKant  days  of 
the  Peace. 

The  Hill  of  Cronos  to  the  north  of  the  Altis  — 


192      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

or  sacred  enclosure  of  Zeus  —  affords  a  fine  point 
of  view  from  which  to  look  down  over  the  mass  of 
ruins  of  temples,  treasuries,  gymnasia,  halls,  votive- 
offerings,  and  pedestals.  Earthquake  has  made 
wild  havoc  of  the  works  of  man,  and  scarcely  one 
stone  has  been  left  upon  another.  Of  the  many 
famous  statues,  nearly  all  were  carried  off  by  rob- 
bers, imperial  and  other,  and  it  is  to  a  happy  chance 
that  we  owe  the  preservation  of  the  beautiful  Hermes 
of  Praxiteles.  A  landsUde  from  this  Hill  of  Cronos 
buried  the  statue  in  soft  earth  a  few  years  before  the 
earthquake  which  destroyed  the  temple  of  Zeus; 
and  there  in  the  Heraeum,  within  a  few  feet  of  the 
spot  where  Pausanias  saw  it  nearly  two  thousand 
years  before,  the  statue  was  found  by  German 
excavators.  Part  of  the  original  pedestal  remains 
where  Pausanias  saw  it. 

By  far  the  most  stupendous  ruin  is  the  temple  of 
Zeus.  Nothing  remains  in  place  but  the  pavement. 
The  earthquake  tossed  the  great  pillars  in  every 
direction,  and  the  mighty  drums  he  scattered 
east,  west,  south,  and  north. 

In  the  temple  sat  enthroned  the  masterpiece  of 
Phidias,  the  gold  and  ivory  Zeus  —  one  of  the 
Wonders  of  the  World.  Near  by,  the  faithful  could 
see  in  the  pavement  the  mark  made  by  the  thunder- 
bolt which  the  god  hurled  in  token  of  approval. 
The  inspiration  of  the  statue  was  drawn,  it  is  sup- 
posed, from  the  lines  of  the  Ihad: 


OLYMPIA  193 


"  Thus  ^  spake  the  son  of  Cronos  and  nodded  with 

dark  gray  eyebrows, 
Then  in  full  strength  flowed  down  the  ambrosial 

locks  of  the  monarch, 
Down    from    his    head    immortal;  —  and    mighty 

Olympus  was  shaken." 

One  can  spend  many  an  interesting  hour  in  wan- 
dering through  the  ruins  of  the  Temple,  Council  hall, 
Gymnasium,  or  WrestUng-court,  of  this  wonderful 
precinct;  but  it  is  not  within  the  scope  of  these 
pages  to  give  a  detailed  account  of  them.  Here 
and  there  we  find  some  object  of  special  interest 
such  as  the  basis  on  which  stood  figures  of  the  nine 
Greek  warriors  who  drew  lots  for  the  duel  with 
Hector.  Nestor  stood  opposite,  shaking  the  lots 
in  his  helmet:  "  '  Nay,^  but  not  even  those  of  you 
who  are  chieftains  of  the  united  Achaeans,  do 
eagerly  press  forward  to  meet  Hector  face  to 
face.' 

"  Thus  spake  the  old  man  chiding,  but  all  nine 
rose  up.  First  of  all  Agamemnon,  Lord  of  men, 
started  to  his  feet.  Close  upon  him  sprang  up  stout 
Diomed,  son  of  Tydeus.  Then,  clad  in  warlike 
prowess,  the  Ajax  pair;  Idomeneus  too,  and  Me- 
riones,  his  follower,  rival  to  Enyalius,  Slayer-of- 
men.  Next  after  these  rose  Eurypylus,  Euaemon's 
splendid  son;    then  Thoas,  son  of  Andraemon  and 

1  Homer:  Iliad,  i.  528.  '  Homer:  Iliad,  vii.  159. 


194      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Odysseus  the  godlike.  These  all  were  eager  to  do 
battle  with  glorious  Hector.  Then  in  the  midst 
Nestor,  the  Knight  Gerenian,  spake  again: 

"  *  Shake  now  the  lot  right  throughly  to  see 
whose  portion  this  shall  be.  For  that  man  shall 
bring  blessing  to  the  well-greaved  Achaeans,  aye, 
and  his  own  soul  shall  bless,  if  it  be  his  fortune  to 
survive  the  foeman's  sword  and  the  cruel  fray.' 
Thus  spake  Nestor,  and  each  warrior  marked  his  lot, 
and  cast  it  into  the  helmet  of  Atrides  Agamemnon. 
Then  the  people  prayed  and  lifted  up  their  hands  to 
the  gods.  And  thus  spake  each  with  eyes  fixed  on 
broad  heaven:  *  Oh  Father  Zeus,  grant  that  the 
lot  fall  on  A]  ax  or  the  son  of  Tydeus  or  on  golden 
Mycenae's  king  himself.'  Thus  they  prayed  and 
Nestor,  Knight  Gerenian,  shook  the  lots;  and  out 
from  the  helmet  leaped  the  lot  of  him  whom  all 
desired.  The  lot  of  Ajax  it  was,  and  the  herald 
carried  it  everywhere  throughout  the  throng,  and 
showed  it  in  order  due  to  each  chief  of  the  Achaeans. 
They  recognized  it  not,  and  each  denied  it  his.  But 
when  the  herald,  as  he  carried  it  throughout  the 
throng,  came  to  him  who  had  marked  and  cast  it  in 
the  helmet,  to  glorious  Ajax;  then  verily  the  hero 
held  forth  his  hand,  and  the  herald  approached 
and  placed  the  lot  therein.  Then  Ajax,  when  he 
scanned  it,  knew  the  mark  of  the  lot,  and  rejoiced 
in  heart.  Then  he  cast  it  on  the  ground  at  his  feet 
and  spake:     '  Oh  friends,  surely  the  lot  is  mine, 


OLYMPIA  195 


and  greatly  I  rejoice  in  spirit;  for  surely  I  think  to 
conquer  godlike  Hector/  " 

Below  the  now  empty  platform  on  which  were 
built  the  Treasure-Houses  of  the  various  States 
which  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  games,  stood  a 
row  of  statues  of  Zeus,  known  as  Zanes,  and  inter- 
esting to  us  from  the  fact  that  they  were  put  up  at 
the  expense  of  those  who  were  judged  guilty  of 
having  violated  athletic  rules. 

The  Stadium  seems  not  to  have  been  provided 
with  marble  seats,  as  was  the  case  at  Athens  and 
Delphi.  The  starting  marks  have  been  found  and 
Uttle  else.  The  Hippodrome,  where  the  great  chariot 
races  occurred,  lay  nearer  the  river,  which  has  long 
since  buried  all  traces  of  it  under  deep  deposits  of 
earth. 

The  Olympic  Games  far  surpassed  in  importance 
the  periodic  contests  which  took  place  at  Delphi, 
the  Isthmus,  and  other  parts  of  Greece.  Pindar 
sings  of  them: 

"  Water  ^  is  best  of  things  created 
And  gold,  as  in  the  night  a  blazing  fire, 
Shineth  all  lordly  wealth  beyond. 
But  if,  my  heart,  thou  dost  desire 

To  sing  of  contests  won, 
No  longer  seek  for  other  planet 
Gleaming  by  day  through  ether  waste 
» Pindar,  01.  i.  1-10. 


196       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

With  warmth  beyond  the  sun, 
Nor  can  I  tell  of  struggle  than  Olympia's  nobler; 
Whence  doth  arise  the  hymn  renowned, 
In  poet's  heart, 
The  praise  of  Cronos'  son  to  sound." 

The  celebration  of  the  Games  was  the  supreme 
festival  of  the  Hellenic  world,  and  during  the  "Holy 
Month  "  in  which  it  took  place,^  the  Echecheiria, 
or  Truce  of  God,  produced  for  a  moment  a  cessation 
of  the  almost  perpetual  fratricidal  strife  between  the 
States  of  Hellas.  Events  in  Greek  history  were 
dated  by  Olympiads,  beginning  with  776  b.  c,  when 
Coroebus  was  victor.  It  is  curious  to  consider  the 
parallel  existing  between  ancient  and  modern  highly 
civilized  peoples.  Great  Britain  and  the  United 
States  —  and,  it  is  said,  Japan,  k  propos  of  the  great 
wrestling  contests  —  as  did  Hellas  of  old,  indulge 
in  the  most  extraordinary  outbursts  of  enthusiasm 
over  victors  and  victories  in  athletic  sports,  pugilism, 
and  horse-racing.  In  Greece,  while  the  actual  prize 
of  victory  might  be  merely  a  wreath  of  olive,  pine, 
or  laurel,  the  successful  contestant  was  exalted 
to  the  skies.  Poems  were  written  in  his  honour. 
His  native  town  received  him  in  triumph,  and  heaped 
rewards  upon  him.  Nay,  the  town  itself  became 
famous  through  his  deed.   The  owner  of  a  victorious 

^  From  the  11th  to  the  16th,  i.  e.  the  time  of  the  first  full 
moon  after  the  summer  solstice. 


OLYMPIA  1^7 


chariot,  even  the  horses  who  won  the  race,  furnished 
inspiration  to  the  greatest  poets  of  Greece. 

"  White-armed  ^  Calliope 
Here  halt  thy  well  wrought  car 
And  sing  the  Son  of  Cronos, 
Olympian  Zeus,  the  ruler  of  the  Gods, 
Alpheios  with  his  stream  unwearying, 
The  might  of  Pelops  sing  and  Pisa.^ 
Where  famous  Pherenicus,^ 
His  feet  in  race  victorious, 
Hath  magnified 
Fair-towered  Syracuse;  to  Hiero  bringing 
The  flower  of  Blessedness." 

Pindar  never  wearies  of  describing  the  sacred 
precinct  of  Olympia,  and  the  reward  that  victory 
in  the  games  vouchsafes  to  mortals: 

"  Mother*  of  Contests  golden  crowned,  Olympia, 
Mistress  of  Truth,  where  prophets  seek 
To  test  by  sacrifices  burning, 
Zeus  of  the  gleaming  thunderbolt,  if  he 
Will  grant  response  concerning 
Those  men  whose  hearts  are  fain 

*  Bacchylides,  v.  176. 

2  The  ancient  metropolis  of  Elis  near  Olympia. 

'  The  celebrated  race  horse  of  Hiero,  tjn'ant  of  Syracuse 

*  01.  viii.  1-14. 


198       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Great  glory  and  repose  from  toil  to  gain! 
The  boon  of  piety  their  prayers  obtain. 

"  Fair  forest-grove  of  Pisa  by  Alpheios, 
These  pomps  of  offered  wreaths  receive. 
Great  is  for  evermore  his  fame,  on  whom 
Thy  glorious  guerdon  doth  attend. 
On  divers  men  divers  rewards  descend; 

And  if  the  heavens  bless, 
Many  the  paths   which   lead    them    to    suc- 
cess." 

The  chief  treasures  of  the  museum  are  the  Hermes 
of  Praxiteles,  the  Nik6  of  Paeonius,  and  the  Pedi- 
ment-sculptures and  a  few  Metopes  from  the  temple 
of  Zeus.  The  Hermes  is  not  very  well  placed.  He 
carries  on  his  arm  the  infant  Dionysus,  who,  after 
his  miraculous  delivery  from  the  thigh  of  Zeus,  was 
entrusted  to  his  elder  brother  to  convey  to  the  care 
of  the  nymphs.  The  serious,  almost  sad  face  is  not 
what  we  might  have  expected  from  the  pictures  in 
literature  of  a  sprightly  god,  noted  for  trickery  and 
mischievous  pranks.  This  Hermes  does  not  belong 
to  that  morning  of  the  world  depicted  in  the  Homeric 
hymn: 

"  Then  *  she  gave  birth  to  a  son  of  shifty  and  wily 
devices, 
*  Homer:  Hymn  Hermes,  13-23. 


OLYMPIA  199 


He  was  a  thief,  and  a  looter  of  cattle,  conductor  of 
dreamings, 

Spy  of  the  night,  gate-watcher  was  he,  and  quickly 
was  destined 

Deeds  of  famous  renown  to  manifest  'mid  the 
immortals. 

Born  at  the  dawning  of  light,  at  midday  he  played 
on  the  lyre, 

Evening  beheld  him  the  thief  of  the  herds  of  Apollo 
Far-Darter, 

All  on  the  first  four  days  when  queenly  Maia  had 
borne  him. 

Now  when  he  sprang  to  the  light  from  the  womb 
of  his  mother  immortal, 

No  long  time  did  he  He  in  his  sacred  cradle  repos- 
ing. 

Nay,  with  a  leap  he  darted  in  quest  of  the  herds  of 
Apollo, 

Over  the  threshold,  passing  the  gate  of  his  high- 
roofed  cavern." 

This  Hermes  belongs  to  the  time  when  the  world 
had  become  sophisticated,  enlightened,  and  sad- 
dened; but  he  is  very  beautiful,  and  of  priceless 
value  as  being  the  only  original  statue  ^  in  the  world 
which  was,  we  may  confidently  believe,  the  work 
of  one  of  the  great  sculptors  of  the  great  period. 

^  Omitting  statues  which  were  part  of  architectural  orna- 
ment. 


200      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

The  sculptures  of  the  Eastern  Pediment  represent 
the  actors  in  the  famous  story  of  Pelops  and  Hippo- 
dameia.  The  founding  of  the  Olympic  festival  is  at- 
tributed to  Heracles;  but  the  contest  of  Pelops  and 
Oenomaus  is  the  mythical  prototype  of  the  famous 
races  of  historic  times. 

"  The  *  Greeks  say  this  Myrtilos  was  son  of  Hermes, 
and  that  he  was  charioteer  to  Oenomaus,  and  when- 
ever anyone  came  wooing  the  daughter  of  Oeno- 
maus, Myrtilos  with  skill  urged  on  the  horses  of 
Oenomaus,  while  the  latter,  in  the  race,  as  he  drew 
up  on  the  suitor,  would  pierce  him  with  his  javelin." 

The  story  runs  that  Pelops  bribed  Myrtilos  to  pull 
out  the  linch-pin  of  the  chariot  of  Oenomaus.  This 
treachery  enabled  the  victorious  Pelops  to  visit 
Oenomaus  with  the  punishment  that  had  befallen 
previous  suitors.  Thus  Hippodameia  was  won; 
but  when  Myrtilos  asked  for  his  payment,  Pelops 
hurled  him  into  the  sea,  known  henceforth  —  as 
some  say  —  as  the  Myrtoan  sea.  The  drowning 
man  uttered  a  curse  upon  the  family  of  Pelops,  a 
curse  the  fatal  consequences  of  which  were  worked 
out  in  succeeding  generations:^ 

Electra  exclaims: 

"  Ah  ^  Chariot-Race  of  Pelops, 
Laden  with  sorrow  long  ago, 

*  Pausanias,  viii.  14.  10.        '  See  chapter  vii.  Mycenae, 
3  Soph.:  Electra,  504-515. 


OLYMPIA      ,  201 


How  to  our  land  thou  earnest  fraught  with  woe! 
For  since  the  time  when  drowned  Myrtilos  slept, 
With  grievous  pains 
To  utter  ruin  hurled  from  golden  car, 
Ne'er  from  this  house  hath  pain, 
Laden  with  sorrow  gone  afar/' 

Pindar  tells  the  story  in  the  First  Olympic  Ode: 

"  But  *  when  at  the  fair-flowering  age, 
Shadowed  his  dusky  cheek  the  down. 
He  thought  of  Hymen  proffered. 
From  Pisan  father  to  obtain 
Hippodameia,  her  of  fair  renown. 

"  Then,  lone  in  darkness  going 
Beside  the  hoary  sea. 
He  cried  aloud  on  the  god  heavy  thundering, 

God  of  the  trident  mighty,  —  he 
Came  close  beside  his  feet  —  and  Pelops  spake: 

*  *  If  lovely  gifts  of  Cyprian  goddess  please. 
Stay,  oh  Poseidon,  Oenomaus'  brazen  spear, 
And  carrying  me  on  swiftest  car  to  Elis, 

To  glory  bring  me  near. 
For  lovers  three  and  ten  he  slayeth. 

And  thus  his  daughter's  nuptials  he  delayeth.' 


» Pindar,  01.  i.  67  ff. 


202      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Thus  spake  he  nor  in  vain  his  prayer. 

The  God,  him  magnifying, 
Bestowed  a  chariot  of  gold,  and  steeds 

On  wing  unwearied  flying. 
And  low  he  laid  King  Genomaus'  pride 

And  won  the  virgin  bride." 

After  gazing  at  the  great  calm  Apollo,  serene 
amid  the  uproar  of  wild  Ceptaurs  and  Lapiths 
in  the  Western  Pediment,  and  at  the  floating  form 
of  Nik6;  we  reluctantly  left  the  museum,  and  turned 
our  steps  to  the  station.  For  the  journey  was  nearly 
ended,  and  to-morrow  was  to  find  us  in  Corcyra, 
bound  for  Italy. 


CHAPTER   XII 

THE   STORY   OF   NAUSICAA 

From  the  rains  of  March  and  the  barren  gray  of 
mainland  Greece  a  few  hours  brought  us  to  sunshine 
and  luxuriant  spring.  We  could  well  believe  that 
Corcyra  was  no  other  than  the  enchanting  Scheria, 
the  Island  of  the  Phaeacians,  and  a  drive  through 
a  land  of  flowers  brought  us  to  the  very  bay  where 
Odysseus  landed  after  long  buffeting,  as  he  swam 
by  aid  of  Leucothea's  wimple,  and  dropped  alseep 
behind  a  coppice  "  foredone  with  sleep  and  weari- 
ness." 

And  this  is  the  tale  of  Nausicaa: 

"  Then  *  was  Alcinotis  king,  and  with  wisdom  from 

Heaven  was  gifted. 
So  to  his  palace  flew  the  gray-eyed  goddess  Athene, 
Seeking  a  means  of  return  for  Odysseus  mighty  of 

spirit. 
Into  the  inlaid  chamber  she  entered,  wherein  the 

fair  maiden 

*  Homer:  Odyssey,  vi.  12  ff. 

203 


204       IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Slept,  in  beauty  of  form  resembling  the  goddesses 

deathless, 
Fair  Nausicaa,  child  of  AlcinoUs,  mighty  of  spirit. 
Maidens  attendant  a  pair,  with  beauty  bestowed 

by  the  Graces, 
Slept  at  each  side  of  the  portal,  and  shut  were  the 

doors  of  the  chamber. 
She,  like  a  breath  of  the  wind,  sped  close  to  the  couch 

of  the  maiden. 
Over  her  head  she  stood,  and  thus  with  words  she 

addressed  her: 


*  Why,  Nausicaa,  thus  did  thy  mother  bear  thee 

neglectful? 
Lo,  uncared  for  the  heaps  of  gUttering  raiment  are 

lying! 
Nigh  is  thy  bridal  when  thou  must  be  clad  in  thy 

bravest  attire 
Offering,  too,  fair  robes  to  those  who  shall  lead  thee  in 

marriage. 
'Tis  from  such  things  as  these  among  men  fair  name 

is  acquired. 
Ay,  and  they  gladden  the  heart  of  one^s  father  and 

reverend  mother. 
Come  let  us  hasten  to  wash  them  when  dawn  ap- 

peareth  to-morrow. 
I  too  will  follow  to  help  in  the  labour,  that  thus  the 

more  quickly 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  205 

Thou  mayest  speed,   not  long  thou  remainest  a 

maiden  unwedded. 
Thee  already  the  chieftains  of  all  the  Phaeacians  are 

wooing, 
Chieftains  throughout  the  land  where  thy  race  also 

belongeth. 
Come  then,  entreat  thy  sire  renowned  at  dayhght 

appearing. 
Straightway  to  harness  the  mules  and  the  wagon, 

that  so  it  may  carry 
Thee  and  the  bundles  of  clothes,  the  girdles  and 

glittering  raiment. 
Thus  it  is  better  by  far  than  on  foot  to  accomplish 

the  journey, 
Since  from  the  city  the  road  is  long  to  the  place  of 

the  washing.' 
Thus  having  spoken,  the  goddess  departed,  gray- 
eyed  Athene 
Home  to  Olympus  whereon,  they  say,  is  the  seat 

of  the  blessed 
Ever  secure,  nor  by  wind  is  it  shaken,  nor  ever  by 

shower 
Wetted,   nor  resteth   the  snow  there,   but  ether 

exceeding  and  cloudless 
Spreadeth  abroad,  and  through  all  a  splendour  of 

whiteness  pervadeth. 
Ever  and  ever  therein  delight  them  the  blessed 

immortals  — 


206      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Thither  departed  the  Gray-eyed,  her  counsel  be- 
stowed on  the  maiden. 

Straightway  Aurora  came,  fair-throned,  and  wa- 
kened from  slumber 

Fair-robed  Nausicaa,  she  with  wonder  was  filled 
at  the  vision. 

Straight  through  the  palace  she  sped  to  carry  the 
news  to  her  parents. 

Father  and  mother  beloved;  and  found  them  at 
home  in  the  dwelUng. 

Close  by  the  hearth  her  mother  was  sitting  'mid 
women  attendant. 

Spinning  the  sea-purple  wool  of  the  distaff  —  her 
sire  she  encountered 

Forth  from  the  door  as  he  issued  to  join  the  illustri- 
ous chieftains. 

Where  to  the  council  hall  he  was  called  by  the 
haughty  Phaeacians. 

Standing  close  to  his  side,  her  father  dear  she  en- 
treated: 

*  Wilt  thou  not,  dearest  papa,  bid  harness  the  high- 
seated  wagon? 

High,  with  the  well-running  wheels,  that  so  I  may 
take  the  fine  raiment 

Down  to  the  river  to  wash  the  clothes  to  my  shame 
lying  dirty. 

Nay,  'tis  becoming  to  thee  thyself  in  the  midst  of 
the  nobles 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  207 

Councils  to  hold,  thy  person  in  garments  spotless 

apparelled. 
Lo,  in  thy  halls  five  sons  have  been  born  to  thee, 

dearly  beloved. 
Two  are  wedded,  but  still  three  others  are  bachelors 

blooming. 
These,  to  go  to  the  dance  with  garments  fresh  from 

the  washing. 
Ever  are  fain,  and  to  me  pertaineth  the  care  of  the 

matter.' 
Thus  spake  the  maid,  for  she  shrank  to  mention  by 

name  to  her  father 
Blossoming  marriage;  but  all  he  perceived  and  thus 

he  made  answer: 
'  Daughter,  I  grudge  not  the  mules  nor  aught  thy 

soul  can  desire. 
Go,  and  the  servants  for  thee  shall  quickly  harness 

the  wagon 
High,  with  the  well-running  wheels,  with  a  box-seat 

fitted  upon  it.' 
Thus    he   spake,    and    commanded    the   servants; 

who  quickly  obeyed  him  — 
Forth    the    wagon    they    drew    well-running,    and 

speedily  harnessed. 
Leading  the  mules  to  the  yoke,  and  bound  them 

under  the  wagon. 
Then  in  a  box  the  mother  put  food  to  gladden  the 

spirit, 


208      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Food  of  all  sorts  and  dainties,  and  wine  she  poured 

in  a  goatskin. 
Then  did  the  maid  ascend,  and  took  her  place  on  the 

wagon 
While  in  a  golden  flask  her  mother  poured  oil  of  the 

olive, 
So  it  might  serve  for  ointment  to   her  and  her 

women  attendant. 
Firmly  she  grasped  the  whip  and  the  reins  all  ghtter- 

ing  brightly, 
Flogging  the  mules  till  they  ran;  and  great  was  the 

clatter  that  followed, 
Vahantly    stretching    along    as    they    carried    the 

clothes  and  the  maiden, 
Not  her  alone,  for  with  her  rode  other  women  at- 
tendant. 
Now  when  they  came  to  the  stream,  the  fair-flowing 

stream  of  the  river, 
Where  were  the  basins  old  for  the  washing,  and 

water  in  plenty 
Gushed  forth  goodly  and  fair  to  cleanse  the  foulest 

of  garments,  — 
There  when  they  came,  the  maids  unharnessed  the 

mules  from  the  wagon. 
Loosed  them  and  chased  them  down  to  feed  by  the 

eddying  river, 
Honey-sweet  clover  wild,  —  and  the  garments  out 

from  the  wagon 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  209 

Took  in  their  arms,  and  o'er  them  they  poured  the 

water  transparent. 
Then  in  basins  quickly  they  trod  them  in  rivalry 

eager. 
Now  when  the  whole  was  washed,  and  cleansed  each 

speck  of  defilement. 
Carefully  laid  in  a  row  they  spread  them  along  by 

the  seashore, 
Just  where  the  pebbles  were  washed  to  the  beach 

in  greatest  abundance. 
Then  did  the  maidens  bathe,  and  smoothly  with  oil 

anoint  them. 
Luncheon  they  took  as  well  beside  the  banks  of  the 

river, 
Waiting  until  the  clothes  should  dry  in  the  gleam  of 

the  sunUght. 
After  the  meal  was  enjoyed  by  attendant  maidens 

and  mistress. 
Casting  their  wimples  aside,  themselves  with  a  ball 

they  diverted, 
Fair  Nausicaa  leading  the  song  meanwhile  for  the 

players. 
Like  as  when  Artemis,  Pourer  of  arrows,  doth  go 

o'er  the  mountain, 
Down  through  Taygetus  far,  or  ranging  throughout 

Erymanthus, 
Taking  her  joy  in  the  chase  of  the  boar  and  the 

deer  swift-flying; 


210      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

On  her  attendant  the  Nymphs,  of  the  Aegis-Bearer 

the  daughters, 
Nymphs  of  the  woodland  sport,  —  and  Leto's  bosom 

rejoiceth.  — 
Over  them  all  she  holdeth  her  head  and  her  beaute- 
ous forehead, 
Easily  known  above  all  is  she,  though  all  are  so 

comely.  — 
Thus  of  her  maidens  she  shone  the  first,  the  virgin 

unwedded. 
Now  when  the  time  was  at  hand  once  more  to  be 

homeward  returning, 
When  she  had  harnessed  the  mules,  and  folded  the 

beautiful  garments. 
Then  a  fresh  plan  was  devised  by  the  gray-eyed 

goddess  Athene 
So   that   Odysseus   might  wake,   and    behold  the 

beautiful  maiden. 
Her  who  would  show  him  the  way  to  the  town  of  the 

hero  Phaeacians. 
Then  did  the  princess  throw  the  ball  at  a  maiden 

attendant. 
Lo,  the  attendant  she  missed,  and  it  fell  in  the  deep- 
flowing  eddies. 
Loud  did  the  maidens  shriek,  and  godlike  Odysseus 

awakened, 
Sat  him  upright,  and  thus  in  his  heart  and  spirit  he 

pondered: 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  211 

'  Ah  me,  whither  again  am  I  come,  to  the  land  of 
what  mortals? 

Can  they  be  doers  of  outrage,  and  lawless  nor 
knowers  of  Justice? 

Or  are  they  kind  to  strangers,  with  godlike  char- 
acter gifted? 

Lo,  to  mine  ears  there  hath  come  the  female  crying 
of  maidens. 

Nymphs  can  they  be,  who  inhabit  the  lofty  tops  of 
the  mountains? 

Or  peradventure  the  springs  of  the  rivers  and  grass- 
covered  meadows? 

Or  am  I  somewhere  near  to  men  who  are  gifted  with 
language? 

Come,  let  me  test  them  myself,  and  with  mine  own 
eyes  behold  them! ' 

Thus  he  spake,  and  emerged  from  the  coppice,  the 
godUke  Odysseus. 

Horrid   appeared   he   before   them,    disfigured   by 

brine  of  the  ocean  — 
Hither  and  thither  in  panic  the  maids  ran  out  to 

the  headlands. 
Only  Alcinous'  daughter  remained,  for  the  goddess 

Athene 
Courage  had  put  in  her  heart,  from  her  Umbs  all 

terror  removing. 
Holding  her  ground  she  stood,  and  he  pondered, 

the  wily  Odysseus 


212      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Whether  to  clasp  her  knees  and  entreat  the  beauti- 
ful maiden, 
Or,  as  he  was,  at  a  distance,  with  honey-sweet  words 

to  beseech  her, 
So  she  might  show  him  the  road  to  the  city,  and  offer 

him  raiment. 
While  he  was  pondering  thus,  it  seemed  the  greater 

advantage 
Standing  aloof  at  a  distance  with  honey-sweet  words 

to  entreat  her, 
Lest  in  her  heart  she  be  wroth  if  he  clasped  the 

knees  of  the  maiden. 
Forthwith  honey-sweet  words  in  crafty  speech  he 

addressed  her: 
'  Queen,  I  embrace  thy  knees,  be  thou  or  goddess  or 

mortal. 
For  if  a  goddess  thou  art  of  those  who  hold  the 

broad  heaven. 
Surely  to  Artemis  then,  of  Zeus  most  mighty  the 

daughter. 
Closest  resembling  I  deem  thee  in  form  and  beauty  of 

stature. 
While  if  of  mortals  thou  art  who  the  face  of  the  earth 

inhabit. 
Then  thrice  blessed  are  they,  thy  father  and  rever- 
end mother. 
Yea  and  thrice  blessed  thy  brothers  as  well;   their 

spirit  full  surely 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  213 

Ever  for  thy  sweet  sake  is  warmed  with  pride  and 
with  gladness, 

When  such  a  blossoming  flower  they  see  as  thou 
treadest  the  dances. 

Ah,  and  most  blessed  in  heart  that  man,  all  others 
surpassing, 

He  who  shall  load  thee  with  gifts  and  home  in  mar- 
riage conduct  thee. 

Never  have  I  before  with  mine  eyes  beheld  such  a 
mortal, 

Man  nor  woman,  as  thou  —  Awe  seizeth  me  gazing 
upon  thee. 

Thus,  fair  lady,  on  thee  I  look  with  awe  and  amaze- 
ment, 
Dreading  to  clasp  thy  knees.  —  Yet  cruel  grief  is 

upon  me. 
After  a  score  of  days  I  escaped  the  wine-purple 

ocean. 
Yesterday,  where  meantime  the  waves  and  tempests 

had  tossed  me 
Far  from  Ogygia's  Isle,  and  Heaven  hath  driven 

me  hither 
Evils  to  suffer  e^en  here  no  doubt,  for  surely  I  think 

not 
Yet  will  they  cease  —  ere  this,  the  gods  will  wreak 

many  misfortunes. 
Nay,  but  oh  Queen,  take  pity,  for,  after  labours 

unnumbered. 


214      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

First  unto  thee  have  I  come,  while  aught  of  the 

others  I  know  not, 
Aught  of  the  men  who  sway  the  rule  of  this  people 

and  city. 
Point  me  the  road  to  the  town,  and  give  me  a  gar- 
ment to  clothe  me. 
If  thou  didst  keep  of  the  robes  some  wrapping  when 

hither  thou  earnest. 
Then  may  the  gods  to  thee  grant  all  thy  heart  can 

desire. 
Husband  and  home,  and  bestow  a  goodly  spirit 

of  concord. 
Surely  than  this  there  is  nothing  more  blessed  nor 

more  to  be  prayed  for. 
Namely  than  when,  in  spirit  agreeing,  a  wife  and  a 

husband 
Dwell  in  a  house  together  —  to  evil  wishers  a  sorrow, 
But  to  their  friends  a  joy  —  and  deepest  their  own 

hearts  perceive  it.'  " 


Nausicaa  promises  to  grant  the  request  of  Odys- 
seus, and  tells  him  who  she  is.  Then  she  calls  to 
her  frightened  maidens: 

"  Thus  spake  the  princess  and  called  her  command 

to  her  fair-tressed  attendants: 
*  Stand,  oh,  maidens,  I   pray.     Beholding   a   man 

whither  fly  ye? 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  215 

Surely  ye  do  not  fancy  that  he  is  some  evil-wisher? 

Nay,  there  existeth  not  that  living  man  nor  shall 
ever, 

Who  to  the  land  of  Phaeacia  shall  come  hostility 
bearing. 

Nay,  for  exceeding  dear  are  we  to  the  blessed  im- 
mortals. 

Far,  far  away  from  mankind  we  dwell  in  the  billowy 
ocean, 

Uttermost,  nor  to  these  shores  do  foreigners  bring 
us  their  commerce. 

This  is  some  ill-starred  man  who  hath  come  in  his 
wanderings  hither. 

Him  let  us  kindly  entreat,  for  Zeus  hath  under  pro- 
tection 

Strangers  and  beggars  all,  and  a  gift  is  blessed 
though  scanty. 

Wherefore,  oh  maidens,  give  both  meat  and  drink 
to  the  stranger. 

Bidding  him  bathe  in  the  stream  where  rocks  from 
the  wind  give  a  shelter.' '' 

Odysseus  bathes  and  dresses,   and  the  goddess 
endows  him  with  unwonted  beauty. 

"  Thus  the  goddess  on  him  poured  grace,  on  his  head 

and  his  shoulders. 
Then  he  withdrew  to  a  distance,  and  sat  by  the 

shore  of  the  ocean, 


216      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Glowing  with  beauty  and  grace;   and  the  princess 

gazed  in  amazement. 
Straightway  therefore  she  spake  in  the  midst  of  her 

fair-braided  maidens: 
'  Hear  me,  ye  white-armed  maidens,  I  pray,  that 

I  something  may  tell  you: 
Surely  ^tis  not  without  will  of  all  gods  who  dwell  on 

Olympus, 
Yonder  stranger  hath  come  to  consort   with  the 

godlike  Phaeacians. 
'Tis  but  a  short  space  since,  I  thought  him  unseemly 

to  look  on, 
Now  he  resembleth  the  gods  who  inhabit  the  wide- 
spreading  heaven. 
Oh  that  a  man  like  this  might  be  called  my  own 

wedded  husband, 
DweUing  in  this  our  Isle,  and  that  here  to  abide 

might  please  him! 
Maidens,  offer,  I  pray,  both  meat  and  drink  to  the 

stranger.' 
Thus  Nausicaa  spake,  and  they  verily  heard  and 

obeyed  her. 
Meat  to  Odysseus  and  drink  they  offered,  and  set 

it  beside  him. 
Then  did  he  drink  and  eat,  the  much  enduring 

Odysseus, 
Greedily,  —  long  had  he  been  untasted    of    food 

and  of  drinking. 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  217 

White-armed  Nausicaa  now  of  new  devices  bethought 

her. 
Folding  the  garments  she  placed  them  within  the 

beautiful  wagon, 
Harnessed  the  strong-hoofed  mules,  and  up  herself 

she  ascended. 
Next  she  summoned  Odysseus,  and  speaking  his 

name  she  addressed  him: 
'  Rouse  thee,  stranger,  to  go  to  the  city  that  I  may 

escort  thee 
Unto  the  house  of  my  father,  the  valiant  of  heart, 

where  I  tell  thee 
Thou  shalt  behold  the  noblest  of  all  the  princely 

Phaeacians. 
See  that  thou  act  as  I  bid,  for  thou  seemest  not 

without  wisdom. 
While  through  the  fields  we  go,  and  are  passing  the 

labours  of  farmers. 
Meanwhile  thou  with  the  maids,  behind  the  mules 

and  the  wagon. 
Quickly  proceed,  and  I  the  while  on  the  road  will 

conduct  thee. 
When,  however,  we  come  near  the  town  with  battle- 
ments lofty. 

Gossip  unseemly  I  fain  would  avoid,  lest  some  in 

the  future 
Blame  me,  for  they  in  our  city  are  hard  and  haughty 

of  temper. 


218      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Lest  some  gossip  malicious  may  say,  if  he  chanceth 

to  meet  us: 
"Who  is  this,  goodly  and  tall,  attending  Nausicaa 

yonder? 
Where  did  she  find  the  stranger?    Her  husband  he 

doubtless  is  promised. 
Surely  some  outcast  wretch  she  hath  saved  from  the 

wreck  of  his  vessel, 
Some  one  of  men  from  afar,  since  none  have  dwelling 

beside  us. 
Or  in  response  to  her  prayers,  some  god,  full  often 

entreated, 
Down  from  heaven  hath  come,  and  all  her  days  she 

will  keep  him. 
Better  no  doubt  that  herself  hath  sought  and  found 

her  an  husband. 
Coming  from  far,  for  those  of  her  own  native  land 

she  contemneth!  " 
Thus  will  they  say,  and  to  me  'twill  be  a  theme  of 

reproaching.' " 


She  points  out  a  grove  not  far  from  the  town, 
where  he  is  to  sit  and  wait: 

"  *  Sit  thou  there,  and  abide  for  a  time,  until  at  the 

city 
We  may  arrive,  and  reach  the  door  of  the  house  of 

my  father. 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  219 

Then  when  thou  thinkest  that  we  have  come  at  last 

to  the  palace, 
Come  thou  too  to  the  town  of  Phaeacians  and  see 

thou  enquire 
Where  is  the  house  of  my  father  Alcinotis,  mighty 

of  spirit. 
Easy  to  know  is  the  place,  and  even  a  child  might 

direct  thee, 
Innocent   child,   for  to  this  the   houses  of  other 

Phaeacians 
No  wise  resembling  are  built,  like  the  house  of 

AlcinoUs  hero. 
Now  when  the  court  and  palace  contain  thee,  see 

that  thou  quickly 
Pass  through  the  hall,  nor  stop  till  thou  come  to  the 

side  of  my  mother. 
Her  thou  shalt  find  on  a  seat  near  the  hearth,  in  the 

gleam  of  the  fire. 
Spinning  the  sea-purple  wool  of  the  distaff,  a  marvel 

to  gaze  on. 
Leaning  against  a  pillar,  and  near  her  her  women 

are  seated  — 
There  too  my  father's  throne  is  placed  next  that 

of  my  mother. 
Seated  whereon  like  a  god  he  quaffeth  the  wine  of 

the  banquet. 
Passing  him  by,  thine  arms  about  the  knees  of  my 

mother 


220      IN  GREECE  WITH  THE  CLASSICS 

Cast  in  entreaty,  that  so  the  day  of  thine  homeward 

returning 
Thou  mayest  speedily  see  with  joy,  though  from  far 

thou  art  travelled. 
For  if  she  in  her  soul  be  kindly  disposed  to  thy 

praying. 
Then  there  is  hope  for  thee  to  behold  thy  friends 

and  to  journey 
Home  to  thy  well-built  house,  and  to  reach  the  land 

of  thy  fathers.' 
Thus  she  spake,  and  lashing  the  mules  with  the  whip 

all  glitt'ring. 
Quickly  departed,  and  left  the  flowing  streams  of  the 

river. 
Well  did  the  mules  run  on  and  plied  with  their  feet 

in  curvings. 
Bravely  she  guided  the  reins  that  the  others  might 

follow  behind  her. 
Maids  and  Odysseus  on  foot,  and  the  lash  she  laid 

on  with  discernment." 

Once  more  only,  we  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  prin- 
cess, who  now  knows  his  story: 

"  Out  ^  from  the  bath  he  went  to  join  the  ranks  of  the 
feasters. 

While  Nausicaa  fair,  from  gods  her  beauty  possess- 
ing, 
*  Homer:  Od.,   viii.  456  ff. 


THE  STORY  OF  NAUSICAA  221 

Close  to  the  threshold  stood  of  the  strong-built 

banqueting  chamber. 
When  she  beheld  with  her  eyes,  she  greatly  admired 

Odysseus, 
And,  having  called  him  aloud,  with  winged  words 

she  addressed  him: 
'  Farewell,  guest,  and  afar  some  day  in  thy  father- 
land dweUing, 
Think  thou  of  me,  for  thou  owest  to  me  the  price  of 

thy  rescue.' 
Answering  her  with  words,   the   crafty  Odysseus 

addressed  her: 
'  Oh  Nausicaa  fair,  great-hearted  Alcinous  daughter. 
So  may  Zeus  decree,  loud-thundering  husband  of 

Hera, 
Home  that  I  come,  and  behold  the  day  of  return 

from  my  roaming, 
That  even  there  unto  thee,  as  to  goddess,  my  prayers 

I  may  utter. 
Ever  through  all  my  days,  for  thou  gavest  life  to 

me,  maiden.'  " 

The  ship  sailed  westward,  and  at  sunset  we  bade 
farewell  to  Greece,  as  the  pink  glow  faded  on  the 
snows  of  the  Acroceraunian  mountains. 

THE   END. 


APPENDIX 


Pages 

"Q  Ilavbg  OaKi^fxara  koI 
TzapauXc^ouaa  nhpa 
fiuxcodsac  MaKpdcCf 
"iva  xopouc  ozec^oooc  noddiv 
'AypauXou  Kopac  zpcyovoc 
azadca  x^oepd  npb  UakXadog 
vawv,  Gopiyyojv 
dn '  (ubXag  laxdc 
bfivojVf  ozav  auXiotc 
aupc^rjc,  d)  Uav, 
Tocac  odtc  kv  dvTpocc, 
"iva  T£Kouad  rcg  napOkvoc,  cb  jjisXka, 
ppkipoc  ^oi^q)  Ttxavdlg  k$(i)pi^£v  Oocvav 
dr)pac  re  (pocvcav  ddira,  ncKpibv  ydpLOJv 
v^pcv.  OUT '  knl  mpKcacv  ofjze  Xb^occ 
(pduv  oiiov  eurux'cac  /jtsrl/e^y 
Oebdev  xkKva  dvaxocg, 

—  Euripides,  Ion,  492-509. 

Page  8 

XO.     Xaipsre  /oiioer '  kv  acacpiatat  nXodroo, 
Xoupsr'  dariKbc  Xewc,  '(Krap  rjpevoi  Jibe, 
napdkvou  (jy'iXac  (jicXoc  oco^povouvxeg  kv  ^P^^^* 

223 


224  APPENDIX 


IlaXXadog  d  '  uno  Ttrepolc  ovrag  d^erai  Ttazrjp. 

AS,  Xaipere  /y/^e^f  npoxkpav  d'  kfxe  XP'Q 

ozeix^i^  daMpLouc  dnodec^ouoav 

Tzpbg  (j)tbc  cepbv  Tcbvde  nponoimojv. 

'ire,  Kol  o<j)apcov  rojvd  '  utzo  oepLvaJv 

Kara  yfjc  atj/xevai  to  pth  dzrjpbv 

X(opac  Kaxkx^cv,  zb  dk  Kspdakkov 

nkp.n£cv  noXeojg  kni  vcktj' 

djielc  ^'  riyeiade,  noXcaoouxoc 

Tzacdec  Kpavaou,  xdcode  fxezoiKocC' 

£i7]  d '  dyadaJv 

dyadr)  dcdvoca  noXizacg. 

XO.  Xacpsze,  x^'^P^'^^  ^'  auOic,  knavdcnXo'cf^iOy 

Ttdvzeg  oc  Kazd  TtzoXiv,  dacptoukc  zs  Kal  ^pozolj 

IlaXXddog  nbXcv  vkfiovzec'  fiezocKcav  d'  kp-r^v 

euoe^ouvzec  ouzc  pspifieade  oup(f)Opdc  P'iou. 


nponounoi 

pdze  dbpxp,  peydXac  (jicXbzcpot 

NuKzbc  Ttaidec  dnacdtg  on '  eiKJ)povt  Ttoprcq, 

(£U(j)ap£~iZ£  dk,  xiijplzat,) 

ydg  uTtb  K.£\jQ£acv  (hyuycototv 

ztp.aig  not  duGiacocv  bnal  Tcupcaknzoc 

{Eu(j)ap£lz£  dk  Ttavdapc,) 

*iXaoc  dk  Kal  £u6u(j)pov£c  yq 

d£dp '  *lz£  2£pval,  ^bv  nopcddnzip 

Xdjanq  z£pnbp£vac  KaO  '  bdbv 

bXoX6^az£  vuv  knc  poXnalc' 

onovdal  d '  £CGb7tcv  kvdqd£c  'czojv. 

IlaXXddoc  dazdlg  Z£uc  b  navbizzac 


APPENDIX  225 


ouTCO  Molpd  re  ouyKazk^a, 
bkoXu^axe  vOv  knc  ptoXnacc. 

— Aeschylus,  Eumen.  949-972,  986-999. 

J^age  12 
Tt  yap  XapcTOJv  d-jraTcrjrov 
^AvOpcbnocg  dndveodev)  del  ;^a|0^T£(7(T^y  dp. '  icT)v. 

—  Theocritus,  Id.  xvi.  108-109. 

Page  12 
Ka^io'cojv  dddrcov 

Xaxoiaai  aire  vcuexe  KaXXcnojXov  Wpav 
(x)  XtTzapdg  doibtpot  ^aatXetat 

Xdpcxtg    ^Opxopevou,  naXaijbvojv  Mcvudv  kncaKonot, 
kXOt\  knEi  eux^pac.  obv  bppcv  yap  rd  zs  Tepnvd  koc 
rd  yXuKsa  ycyverac  ndvra  ppoxdlc, 
£c  GO(j)bg,  £i  KaXbg,  el  xcg  dyXabg  dvfjp. 
ours  yap  deoc  oepvdv  Xaphcov  drep 
Kocpavkococv  xopobg  ours  dacTag'  dXXd  ndvrcov  xapcai 
tpyojv  kv  oupavcp,  ^puabzo^ov  Okpevac  itapd 
Uudiov   ^AnbXXojva  dpbvouc 
dkvaov  ak^ovTi  narpbc    ^OXupnioco  Tcpdv. 
(I)  noTvc  ^    ^AyXcua 

^eXjjoqwXnk  r '  Ed(j)poo6va,  decbv  Kpar'coTOO 
7: aide c,  endKooc  ykveu,  SaXca  re 
kpaocpoXne,  Iddioa  rbvde  Kwpov  en '  eupevel  zuxq. 
Kou(f>a  ^c^ojvxa'  —Pindar,  Ol.xiv.  1-17. 

Page  16 
h'  eXalac 
npojrov  Wec$e  nXddov  yXauKdc    ^AOdva, 
oupdvcov  axe^avov,  Xcnapa'io'c  re  Koapov    ^AO-qvacc. 

—  Euripides,  Tro.  798-800. 


226  APPENDIX 


Page  25 

dkvaoe  N£<f)kX(u, 

dpdwjxev  (jyavepal  dpoaepav  (})6acv  eMf^xoVf 

naxphg  an  '    'QKsavoO  ^apoaxkog 

uipTjXojv  bpkojv  Kopu(j)ac  knl 

devdpoKojiouc,  *cva 

XT}Xe(j)aveic  oKoncac  d^opcbpLeda, 

Kapnouc  T '  dpdofikvav  hpav  x^ova, 

Kol  Trora/ndjv  (^adkcov  KeXad-r^pLaxa, 

Kol  nbvxov  KeXddovta  ^apu^popLov 

'dfipia  yap  acdkpoc  dKapiazov  aeXayslra^ 

fxapixapkacg  h  adydec- 

dXX '  dnoaecaapj^vac  vk(})og  ofx^pcov 

ddavdrac  cdkag  kncdcbpsOa 

TTjXeaKbnq)  biifxaxc  yaiav, 

Ttapdkvoc  bnppO(j)bpoCy 

IXdiOfxev  XiTtapdv  x^bva  JJaXXadog,  eoavdpov  ydv 

KkKponoc  b([fbpL£vai  noXu-qparov 

o5  ok^ac  dppT}X(ov  hpa)v,  "cva 

/luarodbKOf  SbpLoc 

kv  zeXsralc  dycacg  dvadecKvuzac, 

wpaviocg  re  deolc  dojpTjfiazay 

vaoc  d  '  u(l)£pB(j>ecc  Kac  dydXjjiaza, 

Kal  npbaodoc  fiaKdpcov  hpcozazac, 

euazk^avoi  ze  decjv  Ooacac  daXcac  re, 

navzodana'cc  si^  cjpaic, 

ijpi  z '  knepxofikvq)  Bpopia  X^P'Cj 

euKeXddcov  ze  x^P^"^  epedia/jtaza, 

Kal  MoOaa  ^apu^pojxoc  anXcbv. 

—  Aristophanes,  Clouds,  275-290,  299-313. 


APPENDIX  227 


Page  2y 

XO.  ed'cnnoOj  $h£,  zdade  X^P^C 
"iKOO  xa  Kpdxcaxa  ydg  ^nauXa, 
x6vd '  dpYTJxa  KoXu)vbv,  IvO  ' 
d  Xiyeca  jiivdpexac 
dapul^ouaa  fidXiox '  arjdobv 
xX(opacc  t>7:d  ^dacraic, 
xov  olvibna  vkfiouaa  Kioabv 
Kal  xdv  dpaxov  deoO 
(j)uXXdda  jiopcoKapnov  dvijXeov 
dvrjvejjLov  xe  ndvxojv 
Xecfubvcov  *cv^  b  paKxcibxag 
del  Acbvuoog  kjipaxeuec 
deiouc  d{i(j)cnoX(x)v  xcO-qvacc' 
ddXXec  d  '  oupavcac  biz '  dx^O'C 
b  KaXXi^oxpog  Kax  ^  J]fiap  ojeI 
vdpKcaaog,  neydXacv  dedcv 
dpxcuov  axe<f)dv(x}ji\  8  re 
Xpuaaufijc  KpoKoc'  odd  ^  dunvot 
Kpfjvac  iicv6douocv 
Ktj^cooO  vofiddec  pekdpojv, 
dXX  '  allv  kn  '  ^fiaxc 
(OKuxoKoc  nedidjv  kncvcaoexac 
dK7)pdxq)  $uv  bfiPpq) 
axepvouxou  x^ovbc'  oudk  Mouadv 
Xopoe  vtv  dneaxuy"r]aav y  odd '  obv 
d  xpfJ<^OL^^oc   ^A<f)podcxa, 

—  Sophocles,  Oed.  Col.  668-693. 


228  APPENDIX 


Page  28 

Inel  d '  dcJHK-co  xbv  KarappdKrrjV  bddv 
XaXKolc  ^ddpocac  yfjOev  kppcl^ajfikvov, 

KOcXou  nkXac  Kpaxfjpog,  o5  rd  Ilecpcdou 
Orjakojc  re  Kecxa'c  Tt'coz^  del  ^u-udTj/iara' 
d(j) '  00  fikoov  ordc  rou  ze  SopcKcou  nerpou 
KocXrjc  T '  d^epdou  Kdnb  Acuvou  rd^ou, 
Kadk^er',  e^T '  eXuae  duTtoncve'ic  oroXdc' 
KaTzecz'  duoac  naidag  -qvchyec  puxcbv 
uddzojv  eveyKe'iv  Xooxpd  koc  x^^^C  T^oOev, 
TO)  d  '  euxXoou  Jr)iJ.T)Tpoc  ecg  e7t6(p£Ov 
ndyov  fxoXouaa  rdad '  encaroXdc  naxpl 
xax^l    'Tzbpeoaav  $uv  xpo^^,  Xourpoic  rk  vcv 
eodfjTC  t'   e^TjaKTjaav  y  vo/xc^erai. 
enel  de  Ttavzbc  e}xe  dpiovzog     rjdovrjv, 
KOUK  fjv  er '  dpybv  oudev  wv  ecpUro, 
KTUTTTjae  p.ev  Zeuc  x^ovioc,  al  de  napOevoe 
^ ppcyqaav,  (he  r^KOvaav,  eg  de  youvaza 
Tzazpbc  TteooOoac    \Xdiov,  odd '  dv'ceaav 
GTepvujv  dpayfjLOuc  oude  nafxii-qKecg  yboug, 
b  d'  (hg  dKouec  (jjObyyov  e^ac(j)vr)C  ncKpbVy 
Ttru^ac  en'  ouuxaig  x^'^P^^  elnev  "Q  reKva, 
ouK  eaz  *  ed '  ujicv  zrjd '  ev  ij/iepq  nazifjp. 
bXcoXe  yap  dij  ndvra  rdfid,  KOUKexc 
T^v  dunbvT]Tov  e^ez'  dfKJ)'  ejj.oi  rpocprjV 
GKXrjpdv  [lev,  dlda,  ndcdec,  dXX '  ev  yap  fxbvov 
zd  ndvza  Xuet  zanz''  'enog  fioxO-qfiaza' 
zb  yap  (j)cXe~cv  ouk  eazcv  e$  ozoo  nXeov 
?  zoude  z'  dvdpbc  eoxed  \  ou  zfjzcopLevac 


APPENDIX  229 


TO  XocTtbv  rjdfj  rbv  ^cov  dcd^ere. 
roiouz'  £71 '  dXXrjXoiaiv  dfX(j)CK£cn£voc 
kuydrju  eKkaiov  ndvrec.  (oc  ^£  Jvpoc  rkXoc 
ybojv  d(j)£KOVz'  odd'  'iz'  cbpcopec  ^oi), 
fjv  fisv  ocwnij,  (j^dky-fxa  d'  £$ai(l)vi[)c  zcvbc 
6(ou^ev  auzbv,  waze  ndvzag  bpd'cag 
ozfjoac  (j)b^q),  duaavzac,  k$ciu<j)vr)c  zpcxac. 
KaXe'c  yap  auzbv  noXXd  TtokXaxfj  Oebc' 
''Q  ouzoc  ouzog,  Oldcizouc,  zc  pkXXoixev 
Xcopiiv]  ndXac  d^  t'  dnb  oou  ^paduDSzac, 
b  d'  (i>c  knfjodez'  £k  Oeou  KaXoupLSVOC, 
audq  nohlv  ol  yfjc  dvaKza  6r]oka. 
Kdrrec  TzpOGfjXdev,  einev.  "Q  (jyUov  Kdpa, 
dbc  /J-Oi  X^-pbg  oTJc  ncoziv  dp^ouai'  zekvocc' 
uptelc  ^£,  7ca~cdeg,  zq)de.'  koc  KazaUvBOOV 
/jLrjnoze  npodihaecv  zdod '  SKcbv,  zeXslv  d'  oa^  otv 
fikXXjjc  (jypovojv  £u  ^ujicfykpovz'  auzalc  dec, 
b  d',  a>c  dvTjp  yevvalog,  ouk  okvou  pkza 
Kazrjveaev  zdd  '  opKiog  dpdoecv  ^kva>. 
bncoc  dk  zauz '  edpaoev,  eoObc  OldcTtooc; 
(pauoac  dpLaupacc  Z^P^^^  ^^  naidcov  Xkjet* 
^Q  Tza'ide,  zXdaa  /prj  zb  yevvaiov  (f>p£vc 
Xiopelv  zbnojv  sk  zoJvde,  firjd  *  a  fir)  dk/iic 
Xwooecv  dcKaiouVj  /irjdk  (j)covouvz(ov  kXuuv. 
dXX '  epned '  (he  zdxcoza'  ttXtjv  b  Kupcoc 
6T}oebc  TzapEGzu)  fiavOdvojv  zd  dpwfxeva, 
Toaauza  cpojvrjaavzoc  £caf)KouaafX£V 
^ujmavzsc'  dazaKzc  dk  auv  zdig  napOkvacc 
Gzkvovzsc  (bptapzoufiev*  coc  d'  dn-^Xdojuev, 
Xpbvo)  Ppaxel  ozpa^kvzec,  k^anecdofxev 
zbv  dvdpa  zbv  pkv  ouda/xou  napbvz '  ezc, 


230  APPENDIX 


dvaKza  d '  anzov  djupLdzajv  kncoKcov 
Xe7p '  avrexovra  Kparoc  ^T  decvou  tcvoc 
(l)b^ou  (j)av£VTOc  odd  '  dvaax^zoO  ^Xknscv, 
'inecxa  p.kvTOc  ^acbv  oudl  abv  ;^|06v(y, 
bpojfjtsv  auzbv  yfjv  re  npoaKuvouvd  '  afia 
Koc  zbv  decbv  "^OXoiiTzov  kv  zaurq)  kofii). 
fJibpq)  d '  bTzocq>  Keivoc  wAst  '  ouB '  dv  eic 
6v7)zd)v  (j)pdo£C£,  TiXijv  zb  Sriokojc  ndpa. 
ou  ydp  zee  obzbv  ouze  Tzup^bpoc  deoO 
Kspawubc  k^knpa^ev,  ouze  novzca 
OusXXa  KiV7)deloa  zcp  zbz'  ev  XP^^^y 
dXX '  7J  zee  SK  decbv  no/mbc  ?  zb  vepzkpcjv 
efjvouv  dcaazdv  yfjg  dXuTzrjzov  ^dOpov. 
dvTjp  yap  00  ozevaKzbc  oudk  ouv  vbaoic 
dXyeevbc  k^enknTiez ' ,  dXk^  el  zee  ^pozcbv 
dauiiaozbg.  ee  dk  firj  doKw  <j)povd)v  Xeyeev, 
o6k  dv  7:apeep.T)v  deae  fiij  doKcb  (j>povelv. 

—  Sophocles,  Oed.  Col.  1 590-1666. 

■Page  33 

XO,      'Epexdeedae  zb  naXaebv  U^eoe, 
Koe  deibv  naedec  ptaKdpojv,  eepdc 
XiiipoiC  dnopdrjzoo  z'  dnocfyep^bfievoe 
nXeevozdzav  oocfy'eav,  del  ded  Xafmpozdzoo 
^aevovzeg  d^pibg  aeOkpog,  evOa  nod '  dyvdg 
kvvea  Tleepcdag  Mouaac  Xeyouae 
^avOdv   ^ApjJLoveav  (f>ozeuaae' 

zoo  KaXXevdou  z'  dnb  Kr)(j)eaou  ^odc 
zdv  Konpev  KXij^ouaev  d(j)uaaa{ievav 
X^^P^^  KazaTiveuaae  ^zpeac  dve/jtajv 


APPENDIX  231 


TjduTTvdouc  cujpac  dec  d'  k-Kc^aXXoiikvav 
XOiTOioev  euwdr)  podkiov  tcXokov  dvOkojv 
zq.  oo<f>cq  napkdpouc  nkfinecv  spojzac, 
navzoiac  dpezdc  ^uvepyooc, 

—  Euripides,  Medea,  824-S45. 

Page  37 

"OX^iOC  ^C^^C  ^^(^^  eKBiva  KoeXav 

ecocv  uTzb  ^66va'  oldev  jikv  ^coo  [Kfcvog]  zeXeozdv, 

oldev  dk  dcbgdozov  dpxdv, 

—  Pindar,  Thren.  8. 

Page  38 

xo,  eiT)v  Wc  ,   .   , 

XajnTzdacv  dKzaig, 
00  nbzvcac  osfxvd  zcd-qvouvzac  zeXtj 
OvazoiGcv,  (Lv  Kal  xp^f^^o. 

kXuc  ^^^}  yXcjoaq  j^kj^aKs,  npoonbXojv  EofxoXncddv* 
—  Sophocles,  Oed.  Col.  1044-1052. 

Page  38 
XO.     xajpelzs 

vuv  Ipbv  dvd  kOkXov  dedg,  dvOocjibpov  dv '  dXaoc 

TZOi^ovzec  olc  ixezooGia  OeocjicXoug  kopzfjc. 
AI.     kfu)  dk  GOV  zdiGcv  Kopacc  el/jti  koc  yuvou^h, 

00  7zavvuxc(l,ouGcv  dsq,  (peyyoc  Ipbv  dcaujv, 
XO.     /a>|OdD/f£y  kc  TtoXuppbdouc 

Xei/Jtwvac  dvdejjxodeic, 

zbv  Tjjikzepov  zpbnoVj 

zbv  KaXXcxopcbzazov, 

7:di^ovT£c,  bv  oX^cac 

Mdlpac  ^uvdyouGcv, 


232  APPENDIX 


pibvocc  yap  rjfuv  rjXiOc 
Koc  (pky-jfoc  IXapbv  koTcVj 

boOC   pi£JJ.Ul^/Ji£d  '    £^5- 

oepTJ  re  dc7)yojj£v 
zpoKOV  Ttepl  zouc  ^kvoog 
Kol  Tobg  cdccorac- 

—  Aristophanes,  Frogs,  440-459. 

XO,     "IaKx\  (b  TroXuTipLTjz'  kv  Wpacc  hddde  voucdv, 
"laKX  ^  (I)  ''laKxe, 
sXdk  zbvd '  dva  hcpuJjva  xope^acov, 
baloug  If  Ocaoibzac, 
TZoXoKapnov  pkv  zcvdaaojif 
Ttepl  Kpazl  oq)  ppuovza 
Gzk(j)avov  pupziov'  6 pause  d'  kjKazaKpo6ojv 
node  zav  aKbXaazov 
^eXonaeyfiova  ze/JtaVy 

Xapezojv  nXeeazov  'ixouaav  fikpoc,  ayvav,  kpav 
baeoec  pLuazaec  ;^o^£^av. 

XO.     lyeepe   <j)Xoykac    Xaimadag   kv    xspae    yap  rjKce 
zevdaaojv, 
"IaKx\  d)  "laKxe, 
vuKzkpou  zeXezrjc  <f)(oa<pbpoc  daZTjp, 
<f)Xoyi  ^kyyezae  dk  Xeefubv 
ybvo  ndXXezac  yepbvziov 
dnoaseovzae  dk  Xunag 
Xpoveooc  z  *  kzojv  naXaecJv  kvccujzobg, 
hpdc  bnb  zeptdc- 
ab  dk  Xap.7tdde  ^^kfyojv 


APPENDIX  233 


Trpo^ddjjv  e^ay  '  kn  *  dvOrjpov  ^Xecov  ddnsdov 
XOpOTZOcbVy  fidKap,  rj^av. 

—  Aristophanes,  Frogs,  324-352. 

I'age  4.0 

At]ilt]tp^  ijUKOfiov,  oeiiVTjV  Oebv,  ap^opt'  decdeeVy 
aDxi]v  Tjde  duyarpa  zavuocpupov,  7)y    'Aidcoveuc 
TjpTta^ev,  dd)K£v  dk  ^apuKZunoc  eupubna  Zeuc, 
vbo(j)cv  Ji^iiTjrpoc  7|Oy(7a6/?oi;  dyXaondpTtou 
ncuC^ouoav  Koupjjoc  obv    ^QKeavou  ^aduKbXnocCj 
dvded  T '  ahufdvTjv,  pbda  koc  KpbKov  rjd '  'ia  KaXa 
hijjwv '  dp.  paXaKov  Kal  dyaXXcdag  rjd '  udKcvdov 
vdpKCGobv  d\  ov  (j)uo£  dbXov  KaXoKchncdc  Koupj) 
Faca  Jibe  ^ouXjjoc  ^O'pi^opkvT)  IIoXudkKTj), 
daupaaxbv  yavbcovra'  ok^ag  zb  ye  ndocv  Idkodac 
ddavdxocg  re  dedic  rjde  dvQTOcc  dvOpcbnocc- 
TOO  KOi  dnb  piC,'f}C  sKarbv  ndpa  k^ene^oKec, 
K(b^'  T^dcaz'  bdpr},  nag  S'  oupavbg  eupug  unepOe 
yaid  ze  nda '  kykXaaoe  koc  dXpupbv  oWpa  daXdoarjg, 
i)  d '  dpa  dap^Tjoaa '  copk^aro  x^P^^^  ^j" '  dp^O) 
KaXbv  dduppa  Xa^fcV  x^ve  dk  x^^J^^  eupodyoca 
Nuacov  dp  Ttediov,  zfj  opouaev  dva^  JloXudkypcov 
Innocg  ddavdxocai,  Kpbvou  noXuibvopog  olbg. 
dpTzd^ag  d  ^  deKOuaav  knl  xP^^^oeoiv  oxotatv 
^j^  bXo(f)upopL£VT)V'  IdxTjoe  d^  dp''  opOca  (f)covjj, 
KSKXopkvr)  naxkpa  Kpovidr^v  unazov  Kal  dpcoxov. 
oudk  Tcg  ddavdzojv  oude  Ovqzwv  dvd pcbnojv 
TjKouaev  <j)iovfjg,  odd'  dyXabKapnoc  kXalac 
Si  pi)  Ilepaaiou  duyaTTjp  dzaXd  cppovkouoa 
aiev  £$  dvzpou,    ^EKdzr)  XcnapoKp-qdepvog , 
'HkXcbg  ze  dva^,  ^TTtepcovog  dyXabg  ulbg, 


234  APPENDIX 


Ko6p7jc  K£KXofjLev7)c  navkpa  KpovcdrjV  b  de  vba(l>cv 
fjOTO  dewv  dndveude  iioXuXXcaxq)  eve  vr)c[>, 
dkyfjuevoc  hpa  KaXa  izapd  Qvf]TUJV  dvO pwnojv . 
TTjV  d'  deKal^oiikvqv  ^yev  Acbg  kvveocjjoc 
nazpoKaai-jrvrjToc,  noXuajj/idvTcop  noXodkyiiioVj 
"imtoig  ddavdTocac,  Kpbvoo  TzoXuihvujxoc  ulbg, 
o<f)pa  fisv  ouv  yaidv  zt  Koi  oupavbv  darepbevza 
XeOoae  6ed  koc  tzovtov  dydppoov  i/dubevza, 
auydc  z '  rjcXiOU,  eze  d '  i^Xnezo  fiT}zkpa  Kedvrjv 
b(j}£odac  KOC  <j)uXa  deojv  ahcyevezdojv , 
zb(j)pa  oi  kXnlc  edeXye  pkyav  vbov  dx^opivqc  Ttep' 

7j/)^cTav  d '  bpkojv  KopiKJya}  Kal  ^kvOea  nbvzou 
(fxovfj  un^  ddavdzjj,  zijc  d'  skXus  Ttbzvca  jii^zTjp, 
b$u  dk  fxcv  Kpaderjv  axog  'iXXaj^sv,  dp.(l)l  dk  x<^'^(^C 
d^^poGcacg  Kpi)dep.va  dac^ezo  xepac  (f)iX7)ae, 
Kudveov  dk  KdXofifxa  Kaz '  dp.(j>ozkpojv  ^dXez '  ojfuov, 
oeuazo  d\  cjc  "^ '  olojvbc,  knl  zpaxj)epr}v  ze  koc  bypTjV 
/jLoeopihT)'  zfj  d'  oi>  zee  ezTjzufxa  fiudrjoaodcu 
^^£^£V  ouze  OedJv  obze  dvjjzojv  dvO pojncjv ^ 
ouz '  olojvcbv  zee  '^fi  kzTjzufJLOC  dyyeXog  JjXOev, 
hvfjiiap  fikv  eneeza  Kazd  x^bva  nbzvea  Jrjo) 
Gzp(jt)(j)dz '  cudofxkvag  ddzdag  pszd  ;^£/0<72v  'ixouaa 
oudk  Ttoz '  dpLppoaerjc  Koe  vsKzapoc  ijdunbzoeo 
Ttdaaaz'  dKJjxep^vy),  oddk  xpba  ^dXXezo  XouzpoeC' 
dXX '  (5t£  dij  dsKdzT)  oe  knrjXuds  (jxievoXlc   ^Hwc, 
Tjvzezb  oe  'EKazTj,  okXac  ev  /s^^oeaa^v  'ixouaa, 
Koe  pd  ol  dyyeXkouaa  enoc  (f>dzo  (jxovrjakv  ze' 

nbzvea  A-qix-qzrjp,  ojp-q^bpe,  dyXabdojpe, 
zee  Oeibv  oupavcojv  rjk  6v7)zd>v  dvdpibnojv 
Tjpnaoe  nepae<j)bvT]v  Kal  obv  (j)eXov  r^Kax^  Oofxbv, 


APPENDIX  235 


(^(iJVTJC  T^P  ^f<oua\  drap  ouk  'iSov  b(j)daXiiocacv 
he  T£C  S7)v'  ool  d'  (I)Ka  Xkyoj  vyjixsprka  navxa. 

wc  ap  'i(j>if)  ^EKOLzr)'   ttjv  d'  ouk  rjusij^ezo  fwdq) 
*P£iT)C  "qOKo/ioij  duydrTjp,  dXX'  cbKa  auv  auzfj 
^'i^ '  aWofxhac  dcudac  ptezd  x^p(^^^  'ixouaa. 
^HkXcov  d '  'iKovro,  decbv  oKonbv  rjde  Kal  dvdpcbVy 
azdv  d'  litncov  npondpocde  Kal  ecpero  dla  dedcov 

^HkXc  \  aWsoooi  /JL£  deav  06  nep,  ii  noze  dr)  aeu 
fj  Inec-  Tj  epyq)  Kpadcr]v  Kal  Oujidv  'irjva' 
Ko6pf]i>  ZTjv  'izsKov,  yXuKspov  OdXog ,  ilde'c  Kudpi^v, 
zfjc  ddcvr}v  OTz^  aKouoa  dc^  aldkpog  dzpujkzoto 
a)c  "^s  Pca^o/xhifjc,  dzap  ouk  'idov  d(j)daX/j.o2a£v. 
dXXa  ob  yap  drj  ndaav  knl  yfibva  Kal  Kazd  nbvzov 
aldepog  sk  diif)c  KazadkpKsac  dKzcveaac, 
VTjpLspzkoJC  p-oc  evcam  <f>iXov  zskoc,  s'i  nou  bnojizac 
5f  zee  i^ba(j)iv  kpslo  Xa^wv  dsKouaav  dvdyKT) 
oiyzzat  rjk  decbv  9)  Kal  dvqzibv  dvO pcbnojv . 

*'i2f  (j)dzo,  ZT]v  d^  ^T7tepcovcdr)c  rjpsi^szo  pudcp* 
^PtiTjC  TjUKbpou  duydzTjp,  Jrjprjzep  dvaaoa, 
eldrjaecc'  dr)  fdp  pkya  d^opou  rjd^  eXeaipoj 
dxyopkvfjv  nepl  izacdl  zavuo^upcp'  oudk  zee  dXXoc 
a*izwc  dOavdziov,  el  pr)  ve^eXrjyepkza  Zeuc, 
be  piv  WojK^    ^ ^dji  OaXspijv  KeKXfjadae  olkoczcv 
ajuzoKaocyvfizcp'  b  3^  unb  ^b(j)ov  Tjspbevza 
dpTtd^ac  ^cnnocacv  dyev  psydXa  Idxouaav. 

^^ezo  d^  kyyuc  bdolo  ^'cXov  zszcfjpkvrj  i]Z0p, 
IJapdsvcq)  (f)pkazi,  odev  udpeuovzo  noXlzac, 
kv  OKifj,  auzdp  uTiepde  Tze^uKEi  Odpvog  kXa'cqg, 
yprfc  TtaXacyevkl  kvaXcyKioc,  r)  ze  zokoco 
eipyjjzai  dojpojv  zs  (j)cXoaze(j)dvou  'Acppodizrjc, 


236  APPENDIX 


o^a'i  T£  zpo(f)Oc  elac  OepLtoTOTtoXajv  ^aacX-qajv 
Tzacdiov  Koc  rapLcai  Kara  dco/iara  rj^^evra. 
TTjv  dk  Wov  KeXeolo  ^EXeoacvcdao  doyaTpec, 
epXopLSVoi  fied'  udcop  eurjpuzov,  b<j)pa  (jikpocev 
KaXncoc  ;^aAAC£^7^(7^  ^i^a  npog  dcoptaza  nazpoc, 
rkaoapec,  OJC  "^s  Oeae,  Koupijiov  dvOoc  exouaoUy 
KaXXid'cKT)  KOC  KXecacdcKi]  Jrj/io)  z'  epoeaaa 
KaXXiOoT)  d\fj  zd)v  npoyeveazdzT)  rjev  dnaocbv' 

"^Qg  £<j)ad\  7j  d^  enkveuoB.  Kaprjazc,  zal  dk  (jioecva 
nX-qadiisvac  udazog  (j)kpov  dyyea  Kudidouoac. 
pcfKJya  ds  nazpoc  "ckovzo  pkyav  dbixov,  wna  dk  pLfjTpc 
evvenov  (be  sldov  ze  Kac  ekXuov.     tj  dk  p-dX^  wKa 
kXdouaac  BKeXsue  KaXeiv  kn'  dnecpovi  pcaOcb. 
at  d  &c^  t'  Tj  'iXacjyoc  7}  nopzcsg  e'iapoc  ojpjj 
dXXoi>z'  dv  Xsipwva  KOpsaodpevac  ^pkva  (jyop^fjy 
a)c  ou  kncaxopsvac  kavcbv  tzzuxolc  Ipepokvzojv 
Tj'c^av  KocX-qv  Kaz'  dpa^czbv,  dp^l  dk  xaczat 
&potc  diooovzo  KpoKifccp  dvdec  bpolac. 

zoO  dk  Kaaeyvrjzac  ^ojvtjv  kodKouoav  kXecvqv, 

Kod  d'  dp'  dn'  euozpwzcov  Xexkcov  Obpov  t)  pkv  enecza 

Tzacd'  dvd  x^P^^"^  kXoooa  k(p  kyKdzdzzo  KbXnq), 

7}  d'  a  pa  Ttup  dvkKac\  fj  d'  la  ouzo  nboa'  dnaXocac 

pir)zkp'  dvaaz-qoouoa  Ouchdeoc  sk  OaXdpoco. 

dypbpsvac  dk  pcv  dp^ic  kXousov  danacpovza 

dp<f>a'jfa7ta^bp£vac'  zoo  d'  ou  pecXcaoBzo  dupbc' 

X^cpbzspac  yap  di}  pcv  exov  zpo^oc  ijdk  zidrjvac. 

Tj  d'  bxk(i)v  knk^rj,  napd  dk  Kpazbg  'Apysc^bvz-qc 
TjVia  Kal  pdozcya  Xa^wv  p£zd  x^P^^  (f)cXriac 


APPENDIX  237 


oeue  dcsK  fieydpcov  x(h  d^  ouk  aKOvze  nezkadifjv, 
pijKJya  dk  {xaKpa  KkXeoOa  dcrjvuaav,  oudk  OdXaaaa 
oud^  udwp  TTOTa/judv  out'  aj-Ksa  jrocrjevra 
"cTtnojv  dOavdzojv  our'  aKpcsc  laxeOov  bpHTjVy 
dXX'  UTzlp  ODxdiov  ^adbv  rjkpa  zkfivov  lovx^g, 
arfjae  d'  dyojv  ode  fu[xv£v  kooxk(j)avog  JjjpLTjzrjp, 
vifjolo  TtpondpoiOe  duwdeoc'  rj  de  edoOaa 
Tj'c^'  TjOze  jxacvdg  hpog  ndza  ddoKcov  uXj). 
n£pa£(f>6vT)  d'  kzkpcodev  knel  'edev  bnptaza  KaXd 
firjzpdc  eijc,  Kaz'  dp'  rj  y'  bxea  npoXenouoa  Kaltnnooc 
dXzo  Okiv,  decpfj  dk  ol  e/meaev  dfKpix^Ouaa' 
zfj  dl  (l)iXr)v  ezc  nalda  kfjc  pj^xd  x^P<^^^  ^X^^^D 
a}([>a  dbXov  Oupbc  xiv'  bcaazo,  zpkaae  d'  dp'  aivcoc 
Tzauuofikvf)  <f)cXbzr}ZOC,  dcjyap  d'  kpsehezo  pudco* 

TkKvov,  p-q  pd  zc  pot  ou  ye  ndoaao,  vkpdsv  kobaa, 
Ppcbpjjc  ;  e^atjda,  pij  Keud\  Iva  eWopev  dp(p(o' 
a)C  P^v  T^p  /f'  dvcooaa  napd  azuyepoO  'Aedao 
Kol  nap'  kpol  Koc  nazpc  KsXacvecj^k'c  Kpovcojvc 
vouezdoiCf  Tzdvzeaae  zezcpkvi}  dOavdzocacv 
el  d'  kndaoj,  ndXcv  oLzcc  eoua'  unb  KeuOsae  yoz-qc 
oUiijaeec  (i>poi>v  zpczazov  pkpoc  £iC  kvcoutjzbvj 
zdg  dl  duco  nap'  kpoc  ze  Kac  dXXocc  dOavdzococv. 
b-KTibze  d'  dvOsac  yaV  eocbdeacv  dapcvoloe 
navzodano'tc  ddXXsi,  zbz'  and  (^b(f)0i>  ijepbevzoc 
a5z£c  dvec  pkya  Oaupa  Oeolc  dvqzo'cg  z'  dvOpchnocg. 

a}(lfa  de  Kapnbv  dvfJKev  dpoupdcov  kpc^d)Xo)v, 
ndaa  dl  (j>6XXoiaiv  ze  Kac  dvdeaiv  eupela  ;|f^^y 
e^pca''  f)  dl  Kcouoa  depcozonbXocg  ^aacXeuac 
dei^e,  TpcnzoXkpcp  ze  JconXe}  ze  nXfj^ennq), 
EupbXnou  ze  ^cri  KeXecp  6'  rjyrjzopi  Xawv, 


238  APPENDIX 


dprjo/ioauvrjv  d'  hpojv  koc  £7:£(j)pad£V  bpjia  izdac, 
TpcnroXkfjLq)  re  UoXo^eivq)  z' ,  km  xoiig  de  AcoKkel, 
aejJLvd,  rd  t'  ou  tzwc  'ion  nape^cpjev  obre  nodkodac, 
out'  d^ksiV  fxeya  ydp  n  decLv  ok^ag  caxdvec  oudTjv. 
oX^coc  og  zdd'  bnojTrev  kncxdov'ccjv  dvO pcbnajv 
Of  d'  dzeX-fjc  kpd/v,  of  t'  dpL/JLopoc,  ou  Tied'  biiocwv 
aloav  exec  (jiOcpjevbc  nep  unb  C,b^(ij  eupihevxc. 

—  Homer,  Hymn  Dem.  1-482. 

napd  KaXXcxbpococ  nayaig 
Xa/XTtdda  Oeujpbv  ecKddojv 
bipexcu  kvvuxioc  dunvog  a)v, 
hxe  Kal  Jibe  doxepajizbg 
dvexbpeuaev  aWrjp, 
Xopeuec  de  2^eXdva 
Kal  TcevrrjKovra  Kopac 
Nrjpeog,  al  Kara  nbvrov 
devdojv  re  norajaajv 
divac  Xf^P^^optevac, 
rdv  xp^oo(jTk(j)avov  Kopav 
Kal  iiaxepa  aepLvdv 

—  Euripides,  Ion,  1075-1086. 

kyci)  dl  8(1)0(0  rrjv  e/jirjv  Tza'tda  Kzavelv. 
XoyiC^ofxac  de  noXXd'     7tp(J)Ta  p.ev  nbXcv 
ouK  dv  Tiv'  dXXfjV  xfiade  peXrcoj  Xd^elv 
rj  Tcpojza  plv  Xe(ji)C  ouk  enaKzbg  aXXodev, 
auzbxOovec  d'  e<^up£v'    al  d'  dXXac  nbXecg 


APPENDIX  239 


neoaojv  bpLOiWc  dca^opalc  sKZiOfj^vac 
dXXai  nap'  dXXojv  elalv  elGa-fcbycfioc. 
bouc  ^'  dn'  aXXfjc  nbXeoc  oUi^ei  nbXcv, 
dpfidc  novqpbc  &07T:ep  kv  ^uXo)  Trayslc, 
Xbyq>  TZoXcTTjc  sou,  role  ^'  Ipyocacv  ou. 
eneiza  zsKva  zoOd'  enazi  z'cKzofiev, 
(he  decbv  ze  ^coptouc  nazplda  ze  powfieda. 

d  d'  fjv  kv  diKocg  dvzt  drjXsicov  ozd^oc 
dparjv,  TzbXiv  dk  noXs/iia  Kazeci^  (j>Xb^j 
ouK  dv  vcv  k^knepLnov  eic  l^f^XW  ^opbc, 
ddvazov  npozap^ouo' ; 

zd  fx-qzkpojv  dk  daKpu'  ozav  nkfiTZTj  zsKvay 
TzoXXouc  edrjXuv'  e'ic  P-OiZV^  bpficoiikvoog. 
/jLcad)  YuvacKag  ouzcvec  Tcpo  too  KaXou 
^f}V  naidag  e'iXovz'  r)  Tzapjjveaav  Kand. 
Kol  firjv  Oavbvzec  If*  ^^  f^^XD  TtoXXcbv  pkza 
zupL^ov  z£  Kocvbv  'iXa^ov  euKXecdv  t'  'caT)v  ' 
zrjjuy  dk  naidl  azk^avoc  £?r  Af^<?  I^ovjj 
nbXsoJC  davouoTj  zfjad'  unep  doOr^aezac. 
Kal  ZTjv  ZEKoOoav  Kal  ok  duo  6'  bfioonbpa) 
oa)0££ '  zc  zouzojv  oby)  dk^aodac  KaXbv  ; 

ZT]V    OUK  ipLTjV    o5v   TtXijV   (j)UOeC   dcboO)    KbpTjV 

Ouoac  npb  yaiac.  d  yap  acped-qoezac 
noXcg,  zc  naidojv  zwv  kfKov  jakzeozi  fioc ; 
ouKouv  dnavza  zouv  y'  iptoi  ocoO-qoezac ; 
dp$ouo£v  dXXoi,  ZTjvd'  kycb  ocooco  nbXiv. 
EKelvo  d'  ou  zb  TtXecozov  kv  Kotvq)  jukpoc, 
OUK  £od'  sKouoTjc  zfj c  kfifjc  (po]^7j ^  dvr]p 
npoybvojv  naXacd  Okop.:'  bozcc  eK^aXeV 


240  APPENDIX 


odd'  dvr'  kXdac  XP^^'^^C  "^^  Fopybvoc 
xplacvav  bpdrjv  azdaav  kv  noXewg  ^ddpocc 
EufioXnoc  oudk  Spq^  dvaarki/fsc  hcbf 
aT£(j>dvoiai,  FlaXXdg  d'  oudafioO  zcfufjaeToe. 

(I)  Tcarpic,  eWs  Ttdvzec  dc  vacouoc  ae 
ouTOJ  (jicXolev  d>c  kyu)'  KOt  pqdciog 
ocKoipzv  dv  oe  Koudev  dv  ndoxoec  naKov. 

—  Euripides,  Frag.  362,  4-55. 

Page  61 

AT .     6eoc  TzbXiv  aco^ouoi  UaXXddoc  dedc. 

AT,     £t'  dp'  'AdfjVibv  eoz'  dnbpOrjToc  TzbXcc  ] 

AF .     dvdpwv  yap  ovtojv  epKoc  eoTcv  da^aXkc. 

AT.     dpXT)  dl  vwjol  ^ufipoXfjC  tcc  ^v,  (f)pdaov* 
T£V£C  KazTJp^av,  Tzbzepov  "EXXtjvbc,  /xd/ijf , 
Tj  Trace  SjWOf  nXrjdec  Kazauxyjoac  vecbv  ; 

AF .     9)p$£v  filv,  (b  dkoTcocva,  too  Tzavxbc  KaKoO 
(j>avecc  dXdoxiop  rj  KaKog  daipuov  noOkv. 
dvTjp  yap  ''EXXtjv  k$  'Ad-qva'cwv  arparoO 
kXdihv  'iXe^e  nacdl  oq)  Skp$7j  rdds, 
a)Cf  £i  /JtsXazvTjc  vuktoc  "c^^toc  Kvk^ac, 
^'EXXrjvec  ou  p.evocev,  dXXd  akX/iaac 
vawv  knevdopbvTsg  dXXog  dXXooe 
dpaa/Mp  Kpu<paiq)  ^coxov  kKoojaocaxo. 
b  d'  eudbg  cog  rjKouoev,  ou  $uv£cc  dbXov 
^'EXXr]vog  dvdpbc,  odds  xbv  deoju  <f>dbvov, 
Tcdacv  7tpo(j)(ov£7  Tbvd£  vaodpxocg  XbyoV 
Eur'  dv  (jyXkyojv  dKrlacv  tjXcoc  x^ova 
Xrj^r),  KV£(j)ac  dk  rl/xevof  aWkpoc  Xd^jj, 
zd^ai  v£(i)v  aT~i<j)oc  /xiy  iv  oroixocc  Tpcalv^ 


APPENDIX  241 


'innXouc  (f>uMaa£iv  Kot  izopouc  dXcppbdoug' 

aXXag  dk  kukXco  vijaov  Acavxog  7iepi$, 

(i)C,  ^c  fiopov  (j)eu^ocad^  "EXX-qve^  naKov 

vanolv  Kpixjiocioc  dpaapLov  eupovrec  uva, 

itdocv  az£p£odai  Kpaxbg  9jv  TzpOKSijievov, 

Tooauz'  'ik^e  Kapd'  un'  eudupLou  <j)p£vbc 

ou  yap  TO  iskXXov  bk  decov  riniOTaro. 

ol  d'  ouK  aKoajKoc,  dXXa  necddp^cp  <j)p£vl 

dfcTzvbv  z'  ETtopauvovzo,  vau^dzrjc  t'  dvTjp 

rponouzo  kwtztjv  oKaXjubv  dpxj)^  eurjpez/iov, 

knee  de  (pkyyoc  rjkiou  Kazk^Oczo 

Kol  vb^  knfj£c,  nag  dvrjp  kcotttjc  dva^ 

kg  vauv  £X(op£c,  nag  6'  onXojv  ineazdzrjg. 

zd^cg  dk  zd^cv  nap£KdX£c  v£(hg  fiaKpdg, 

nXkouac  8*  d>g  %Kaazog  r^v  z£za-jrpL£vog: 

Kal  ndvvoxoc  di)  dcdnXoov  Kadcozaoav 

vowv  dvaKZ£g  ndvza  vodzckov  X£a)v  ' 

Kal  w$  ixwp£i,  Kod  fxdX'  ^EXXi^vcov  azpazbg 

Kpucj)a~iov  £KnXouv  oudapLij  KadcGzaxo. 

kn£c  'f£  ixkvzoc  X£UKbnojXog  fjpkpa 

ndaav  Kazka^B  ya'cav  £U(j)£Y'fT)g  cSb'cv, 

npcbzov  pkv  rjxfj  KkXadog  ^EXXrjvcov  ndpa 

fioXnrjdbv  7)U(j)rjfi7)a£i>,  bpOcov  d^  dfxa 

dvzTjXdXa^B  vT]oc(I)zcdog  nkzpag 

ijXcb  '  ^b^og  dk  ndoc  ^ap^dpoig  naprjv 

YvwjiTjg  dnoa(f)aX£7acv  '  ou  yap  cog  (fxjyrj 

nacdv^  £(f>upLvouv  G£p.vbv  *'EXXrjV£g  zbz£, 

dXX'  £ig  !J.dxf]v  bppju}vz£g  £U(l)6xq)  dpdo£c. 

odXncf^  d^  duzfj  ndvz^  £K£7v*  £n£<j)X£f£V' 

eudug  dk  Kwnrjg  poOcddog  ^uv£[iPoXfj 

enacaav  aXp.'qv  ^pu/cov  e/c  K£X£uap.azogf 


242  APPENDIX 


TO  de^iov  nev  npajTOv  euraKTOV  Kspac 
Tjye'iTO  Koafiq),  deurspov  d'  b  Tide  aroXoc 

£7T£$£X(Op£C,    KttC    TiapfjV    OfiOU    kX6£CV 

tzoXXtjv  ^oijv,  ^Q  7ra2d£c  'EXXi^vcov,  '/re, 

kX£ud£pOUT£   Ttarpid' ,    £X£ud£pOUX£   dk 

ndidac,  yovdcKag,  6£d)v  z£  narpwajv  tdr), 
OrjKac  T£  npoybvojv'  vuv  unkp  ndvTOJV  djdjv. 
KOI  {iTjV  Tzap^  TjpuJbv  n£pacdog  yXcoooTjc  pbOog 
unrivxca^£'.  KouKh'  rjv  pj£XX£cv  aKjii^  : 
£uduc  dk  vaOc  ev  vffi  xO'Xktjptj  arbXov 
*i7toua£V.     ilp$e  d'  iptj^oXrjc  'EXXtjvck^ 
vauc,  Kd7:o6patj£c  ndvca  Oocvcoa-qg  v£(hc 
Kopuii^^'  kn^  dXXrjv  d^  dXXoc  Wuv£v  dbpu. 
rd  npcbxa  ptkv  drj  p£up.a  n£pacKou  arparou 
dvr£'ix^v'  d>c  dk  TtXrjdoc  Iv  Gt£vq)  v£(ji)v 
ridpocoT^  dpojyrj  d'  ourcc  dXXrjXoic  naprjv^ 
ODTol  d'  d(f)'  obxcbv  kfx^bXocc  /a^/coaro/zo^f 
Tzaiovz'  Wpaoov  ndvxa  Kojnijpr)  oxbXov, 
^EXXrjViKa'i  t£  vyj£c  ouk  d(j)paop.bvii)c 

KUkXw   Ttkpi^  £d£CVOV'   UTCZCOUTO  dk 

GKd(j)rj  v£cbv,  ddXaoaa  d'  ouk£t'  fjv  id£~cVf 
vrnjayciov  nX-qOouaa  koi  (l)bvou  ^pozcbv. 
dKTOc  dk  V£Kp6jv  xo£pdd£c  t'  knXrjduov. 
4)0'fri  d'  dKoafUiJC  ndaa  vavg  7)p£ao£zo, 
oaai'K£p  Tjoav  ^ap^dpoo  aTpax£6naxog. 

TOl    d' ,    &GT£    duVVOOC    Tj    Tiv'    IxduOJV   ^bXoV, 

dyacGi  Kojnojv  dpauGptaGiv  t'  kp£i7tcct)v 
Inacov,  kppdxi^ov  olfxajfrj  d'  bpLoO 
KcoKU/iaGiv  KaT£'cx^  7t£XaYcav  dXa, 

£0)g   K£X0UVTJC   VOKTOC   0/i/i'    d^£iX£ro, 


APPENDIX  243 


KaKibv  dk  nXfjOoc,  odd'  av  d  deK^  rj/iara 
GTcxf}TopocT}v,  ouK  dv  sKTrXrjaaipLi  aoC 
e5  yap  rod'  *hdc,  /njdd/i'  W^Pfl-  j"^<? 
TtXijdoc  Toaourdp^djaov  dvO pajncov  daveiv. 

—  Aeschylus,  Pers.  349-434- 

Page  70 

doXcx'fiP^'CfJiov  Mytvav  ndrpav' 
Ivda  Iwrecpa  Acbg  ^evcou 
ndpedpoc  doKe'crcu   Okfxec 

1^0/'  dvdpconojv.  b  re  yap  noXb  nac  TtoXXq.  pknetj 

bpdq  dcaKpcvetv  <})pevl  fii)  napd  Kcupbv, 

dognaXkCf  redfioc  dk  tcc  ddai>drwv,  Kal  rdvd'  dXcepKea 

lihpav 

Ttavcodanolacv  unkaraaB  ^kvocc 

Kcova  daifioviav 

b  d'  knavrkXXwv  ipbvog 

TOUTO  TTpdaacov  jir)  Kdjuor 

—  Pindar,  Ol.  viii.  20-29. 

Page  yi 

^Tieas  d*  ou  Xaphojv  Ikclc 

a  dcKatbnoXcc  dperdcc 

KXBiV(UG£V  AcaKcddv 

dcyocoa  vdaoc'  reXkav  d'  l/e^ 

db^av  an'  dp^dc-  noXXocac  fdv  yap  de'iderai 

viKacjybpOic  kv  dkOXocc  dpkij^acoa  Kai  doa7c 

uTteprdrouc  rjpcoac  h  fJtdxaic' 

—  Pindar,  Pyth.  viii.  21-28. 


244  APPENDIX 


Page  71 

TzXaTelac  Tzdvrodev  Xoj'cocacv  evrc  npbgodoc 

vdoov  euKXka  zdvde  KoapLslv  kne'i  ocj^cv  AlaKcdac 

lizopov  l$oxov  auoav  dperaf  dnodsiKvufisvoi  fssydXac' 

TtkxaTac  d'  knc  xe  x^ova  koc  did  daXdaaag  zrjXodev 

bwfx'  adzajv' 

—  Pindar,  Nem.  vi.  47-51. 

OoK  dvdpcavTonotbc  ei/i\  wc^'  kXcvuaovxd  /x'  kpfd^ 
^eadac  dydX/jtaz'  kn^  aurdc  ^aOfxcdoc 

earaoT^'  dXX^  em  izdaag  bXKddog  ev  t'  aKdzq),  yXoKeV 
docdd, 

ozelx^  dn^  Acyhac,  dcajykXXoco^  oxc 

Adfincovoc  ucoc  Tludkag  eupuadev^c 

vcKT]  Ne/xecoic  TtayKpaxioiJ  GT£(j)avoi>, 

ounoj  ykvuoc  (fxuvojv  xkpecvav  /lazkp'  olvdvOag  bmbpaVj 

€K  de  Kpbvou  KOC  Zrjvbc  rjpcoac  alxp-OLxag  <j)OT£udkvzac 

Kol  dnb  xp^<^^dv  Nr]p7)idojv 
AiaKidac  kykpapev  fiarpbnoXh  re,  (j)cXav  $kvcov  dpoopav 
zdv  ttot'  ebavdpbv  t£  koc  vauacKXoxdv 
dkaaavTo  nap  pojpibv  naxkpoc  ^EXXavcoo 
ardvzsc,  nhvav  r'  eic  aldkpa  x^'^P^C  o,pLd 
'Evdoidoc  dpcyvojxsg  ucol  koc  ^la  ^ojkoo  Kpkovxoc, 

—  Pindar,  Nem.  v.  1-12. 

J'^g^  75 
vrjobc  Tie  ^<7t2  Tzpbade  laXafiivoc  rbniov, 
Paid,  duaopjioc  vaualv,  rjv  6  cj)iXbxopoc 

IJdv   £fXpaT£U£i   TtOVTCaC    dKTTjC    £7ti. 

kvcoLda  n£p.'n:£i  rouad' ,  oTtcoc  brav  vecbv 


APPENDIX  245 


<f)6ap£VT£c  exOpoc  vfjaov  kKooj^ocaxo, 
KTehocev  £uxscp(OT0V  ^EXX-qvojv  orpazdv, 
^cXoog  d'  unsKoco^ocev  kvaXcojv  TtbpaJV 
Kancoc  TO  pkXXov  lazopajv  (be  yap  dedc 
vactjv  'idcjKe  Kudoc  "EXX-qacv  iidxrjc, 
audrjpLspdv  <j)pd^avTec  suxolXkocc  dkfiac 
ISnXoioc  vaujv  k^kdpcooKov'  d/i(j>£  dk 
kukXouvto  Ttdaav  vfjOOVy  &ox^  d/iT^/ave^y 
hnot  zpdnoivzo'  noXXd  pkv  yap  Ik  x^P^'^ 
nkrpoiacv  ■qpdoaovro,  ro^cKfjc  z'  dnb 
dibixcyyog  col  npooTtizvovzeg  ojXXuaav. 
zkXoc  d'  k<f)Opfn]dkvzec  £$  kvbc  podoo 
Tzaiouai,  KpeoKonouac  duazi^vajv  fikXrj, 
ecoc  dndvzcov  k^ank^dscpav  ^cov. 
Skp^Tjc  d'  dv(6fX(o$ev  KaKcbv  opojv  ^dOog' 
sdpav  yap  el/e  navzoc  euayij  ozpazoO, 
u(lfT)Xdv  bxdov  dyxc  neXaycac  aXbg' 
pij^ag  dk  TtknXoug  KdvaKOJKdaac  Xcyb, 
Tte^q)  TzapayyecXag  d(j)ap  azpazeu/iazi, 
"cTjo^  dKoo/Mp  ^bv  4^oyf).     zocdvde  ooc 
npbg  zfj  Tzdpocde  ^u{i(j)Opdv  izdpa  azhecv. 

—  Aeschylus,  Pers.  449-473. 

^EXX-qvcov  Ttpofxaxouvzec  ^AO-qvacoc  Mapadibve 
XpOGO<f)bpiji)v  Mrjdcov  kazbpeoav  duvajuv. 

—  SiMONIDES,  90. 

Page  7  g 

*'Avdpec  ^Adr)vaiOi  z£  TlXazacfjC  t'  kv  MapaOcovc 
Xpuao(j>bp(ov  Mrjdojv  £azbp£aav  duvafuv. 

—  Aeschylus,  Eleg.  i. 


246  APPENDIX 


Page  80 

Jifxpuoc  kdpLTjdrjpLBv  U7z6  nru^i,  ofj^a  d'  ecj)'  ijpuv 

kyyuOev  Eupcnou  drjfxoaiq  Ke^o'cac, 
ouK  dd'cKiog'  kpar-^v  yap  dTcajXeoa/xsv  vedrjjza 

zpriieiav  noXepLou  de^djj£vo£  v£(j>kX'f}v. 

—  SiMONIDES,  89. 

Page  82 

AT,     T£c  dk  noefxdvwp  eneazi  Kdnideano^ei  azpazcp  ; 
XO,     ouzcvoc  doOXoc  KkKXf]vzac  <j)cozbc,  oud^  uktjkooc. 
AT.     Tzwc  dv  ouv  likvocev  dvdpag  noXeficooc  en-qXudac ) 
XO,     a>az£  Japecou  noXuv  ze  Kal  KaXbv  (pdslpou  ozpazbv, 

—  Aeschylus,  Pers.  243-246. 

Page  87 

d^ca  fjkv  Tcazpbg,  d^ca  dUuyeviac  zdde  ycyv^zac, 
£c  dk  ok^ecc  davdzoug  dyaOcbv,  jiezexco  00c. 

—  Euripides,  Heracl.  626-627. 

Page  Q2 

dXXav  del  zcv^  h  Xbyocc  ozuye'ev, 
(j)OiViav  ^KuXXav,  dz'  kxOpibv  unal 
(j)d)z'  dncbXeoev  (j>cXov,  Kp-qzcKOcc 

Xpuoeodjurjzocaiv  opfiocg 
Ttidiiaaaa,  dwpococ  Mcvu), 

N'caov  ddavdzac  zpc^bc 

voa(j)coao'  dnpo^ouXcoc 

Ttvkovd'    d    KOvb(f)pOJV   UTZVO)' 

Kcyxdvec  dk  juv  'EpfiTjc- 

—  Aeschylus,  Choeph.  602-611. 


APPENDIX  247 


Page  gs 

Tbv  dk  'idev  KddjJLOU  duydzrjp,  KaXX'co(f>opoc  'Ivdtj 
AeuKodkr],  rj  nplv  pkv  erjv  ^pozoc  audrjeaaa, 
vuv  d'  dXoc  h  neXdjeooc  dewv  e^  lp.no pe  Tcpfig, 
§  p^  'Oduafj'  kXkrjoev  dXibp£vov,  dXye^  exovxa' 
alducrj  d^  k'cKuca  nozfi  dveduaero  Xipvrjc, 
}^£  d^  kill  oxediTjC  Kac  pcv  npoc  podov  lecne' 

^'Kdppops,  TCTtze  roc  code  Iloaeiddcov  evooixOcov 
(liduaaz'  eKTrdyXcoCf  on  xoi  KaKa  noXXd  (})UT£U£c  ; 
00  pev  drj  oe  Kara^dcaei,  pdXa  nsp  peveouvcov. 
dXXd  pdX'  d)d^  'ip$ae,  doKkcc  ^£  J^oi  ouk  dizivoaaeiV 
iipara  tout'  drroduc  oj^sdifjv  dvkpocac  <f)kpeadac 
KdXXcTz' ,  drdp  xecpeooc  vko)v  kmpa/so  vbazoo 
yacr)g  0ai7jKcov,  oQc  roc  po~ip'  kaxlv  dXu^ac. 
T7j  dk,  rode  Kprjdspvov  unb  arepvoio  zdvuaaac 
dp^po-cov  oudk  zi  zoc  naOkcv  dkog  oud'  dnoXkadac^ 
auzdp  btT]V  ;|f£i^£(7<7^y  l^of^ecw  rjnsipoco, 
d(f>  dnoXuadpevog  ^aXkecv  elg  o'cvona  Ttbvzov 
TzoXXbv  dn'  rjTtecpou,  auzbc  d'  d7tovba<j)i  zpankadou,^^ 

**J2f  dpa  (pcovi^aaaa  Oed  Kprjdepvov  edojKeVj 
ODZT)  d^  d(ff  kc  Tzbvzov  kduaezo  Kopacvovza 
cuducT)  k'cKoca'  pkXav  dk  I  Kupa  KdXucpev. 

—  Homer,  Odyss.  v.  333-353. 

Page  g6 

rdXcuv*,  cl>c  dp^  ijada  nkzpoc  ?  acdapog,  (izcg  zkKVOJV 

hv  *iz£K£C 

dpozov  ax)zbx£tpt  pocpq  kzbvscC' 
pcav  dij  kXuco  pcav  z<x)v  ndpog 
yuvacK'  kv  (j)iXoic  X^P^  ^aXelv  zkKvoeCj 


248  APPENDIX 


^Ivo)  naveioav  Ik  decbv,  hO^  tj  Jeoc 

ddjiap  Viv  k^kTrefKpe  dojudxcov  aXj). 

TZizvei  d'  a  zdXouv*  If  dX^av    (j)6vq)  rsKvcov  duaaej^e'c, 

dKTTJc  u7zepT£cvaoa  novzcag  nod  a, 

duo'cv  re  nacdoev  ouvOavoua^  dnbXXoxae, 

—  Euripides,  Medea,  1 279-1 288. 

Page  p7 

'Heplrj  Fepdvem,  KaKdv  XsTzac,  ojcpeXev  ^laxpov 
riiXe  KOI  ec  ^Ku6ku)v  juaKpov  bpdv  Tdvdcv, 

lj.r)d£  nkXag  vouecv  iKecpwvcKbv  didfia  daXdaarjc 
dyka  /xouvopkvTjc  d/icj)}  MoXoupcdda. 

—  SiMONIDES,  114,  1-4. 

Page  g8 

pdXe  dij  pdXe  K-qpuXog  e^v 
be  T '  em  KUfiaroc  dvdog  dji'  dXKubvBoat  ttottjtou 
vjjXeykc  ^rop  *ix^^i  dXcnbp^upog  eiapoc  'dpvcc. 

—  Alcman,  26. 

Page  gg 

*Qc  bnbrav  x^cfikpiov  Kara  fxfjva  ttcvookt) 

Zeuc  dfiaxa  zkaaapa  Koi  dsKa, 

Xaddve/ibv  rk  p.iv  &pav  KaXkocacv  kncxObvcoe 

Ipdv  7taidoTpb(j)ov  nocKcXag 

dXKubvog, 

—  SiMONIDES,  12. 

Page  I  01 

IIou  TO  Trepi^Xenzov  KdXXog  ako,  Jwpl  KbpcvOe  ; 
7C0U  oz£(j)dvai  nupyiov,  noo  zd  ndXac  Kzkava ; 


APPENDIX  249 


noO  VT}ol  liaKOLpojv,  nou  dco/xara ;  noO  dk  dd^apxec 
Icau<j)cac  Xawv  d'  ac  itoze  fiupeddec  ', 

oudk  yap  oud^  'cx^oCy  TroXuKapL/xope,  oelo  XkXecnrcu, 
Trdvza  dk  aufijidpc/fac  s^kc/yafsv  Tzohfxoc' 

pLoOvai  dnbpdrjToc  NrjpTjidsc,  'QKsavoio 
KoOpac,  aoiv  dxkojv  fiijivopsv  dXKobveg, 

—  Antipater,  Anth.  Pal.  ix.  151. 

Page  107 

XO.     Kal  t'cc  rod'  k^Uocz'  dv  dyj-kXcjv  zdxoc ; 
KA.     "^H^acaxoc,  "Idrjc  Xafinpov  kKnkpLnojv  okXag, 
<l>puKzdc  Sk  (jypuKTOv  deup'  dn^  dy^dpoo  nopbc 
^Tze/meV  "ISt)  pkv  npbg  ^Epp.acov  Xknag 
A-qp-voo'  fjkyav  dk  navbv  sk  vtjoou  zpcrov 
"^Adcpov  cCmog  Z-qvbg  k^edk^azo, 
OTtspzeXrjc  T£  nbvzov  a)az£  vojzcaac 
lax^iC  Tcopsuzou  Xajmddoc  npbg  rjdov^v   m 

TTsdKT)  zb  xP^<^o(j)£}"ykc,  &C  "^^C  T)^iOC, 
okXac  TtapayyeiXaoa  MaKcozou  aKonacg' 
b  d'  o!j  zc  pkXXojv  odd*  d(j)paaixbvo)c  urcvq) 
ViKcojJEVoc  napfjK£v  dyykXoo  pkpoc 
Ikolc  dk  (j)pOKZOu  (jxjjc  kn*  EopcTzoo  podc 
MeaaaTtiOU  (j>6Xa^c  ar^pacvec  ptoXov. 
ol  d'  avzeXa/iipav  Kal  naprjyyeiXav  npbaojj 
ypouac  ep£iK7jc  Oio/ibv  dfpavzeg  nope. 
oOkvouaa  Xaptnac  d'  oudknoj  fiaupoupsvTjy 
bnepdopoOaa  mdiov  ^Aawnou,  dUrjv 
(fyaidpdc  aeXr)V7)c,  npbc  Kidoupwvoc  Xknac, 
^yecp£v  dXXfjv  sKdoxiji^  no/xnou  nupbf. 


250  APPENDIX 


0ctof  dk  rrjXkTro/iTrov  ouk  tji^cuvsto 
(j)poupa,  TtXkov  Kacooaa  xibv  ecprjfikiicov* 
XifjLVTjv  d'  uTzep  Fopycbncv  eoKfjilfsv  (pdof. 
bpoc  t'  en'  AlfcnXayKTOv  k^cKvoufievov 
ojTpuve  OsapLov  /xij  xpo^'^C^odac  nupoc' 
nkptnouoi  d'  dvdaiovzec  d(f)dbvcp  pkvec 
(fyXoyoc  pkyav  ndjyajva  Kot  lapiovcKou 
nopdfjLOO  KaxoTZTOv  npojv'  unep^dXXeiv  npoao) 
(j)Xk}'oooav'  sir*  eaKTjiffsv,  euz  '  d(f)iK€ZO 
'Apaxvacov  alTzoc,  daxufthovac  oKondc' 
Kanecz'  'Arpecdojv  ecc  '^ode  aKTjTtrei  oxkyoc 
<f>doc  xbd\  OUK  anannov  'Idaho  nupoc- 

—  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  271-302. 

I^a^e  112 

dn'  cicac  ^EXXddog  ^uvoppkvocc 

Ttkv^eca  zXrjaiKdpdiOC 

dopLcov  SKdazou  Ttpknec. 
noXXd  youv  Ocyydvec  npog  ^nap' 

00 c  fikv  jdp  zig  £7:£ji(p£v 

oldeVj  dvzl  dk  cpojzojv 
redX'f)  Ka}  onodbg  ecc  eKdazoo  doptouc  d(j)CKV£cz(U, 
b  ;^|Oi>(7a/io^^of  d'  "Ap7)c  ocoptdzajv, 
Kol  zaXavzou^oc  ev  fid^J)  dopbcy 

nupcodkv  If  'IXcou 

<f)cXoiac  TtkfiTtec  j^apu 
(pfj-ffia  doaddKpuzov,  dvz- 
■fjvopoc  oTcodou  yenc^ojv  Xk^-qzac  euOkzou, 
GzkvouGi  d'  eu  Xkyovzec  dv- 
dpa  zbv  fikv  ibg  jwcfj^ijr  'Idpcg' 


APPENDIX  251 


zdv  d '  £v  (j>ovacc  KaXcbg  neobvc '  dA- 
Xorpcac  deal  YUvacKog' 
za  dk  olyd  xeg  Pau^sr 
<p6ovepdv  d'  utt'  dXyoc  efmec 
TzpodtKOcc  '  At  peed  ace ' 
ol  d'  auToO  TZBpl  ze'ixoc 
di^Kac  'IXeddoc  ydg 
e.Jjlxop(j)oc  Kaxexouocv  e^Opa  d'  Ixovxag  £Kpu(p£i>, 

—  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  418-441. 

J'age  lis 

KA,  vOv  dk  fioi,  <j)cXov  Kapa, 

^K^aev'  dn-^vr)c  zfjode,  /j.tj  x^P'-^^  rcdecc 
zdv  obv  7z6d\  d)  ^va$,  'IXeou  Tcopdrjzopa, 
d/ioja},  zc  fikXXed',  ale  kitkozaXzac  zkXog 
nkdov  KsXeddou  ozpcovvuvac  Tzezdofiaacv ; 
eudifc  xevkadio  nopcjyopbazpojzoc  nbpoCj 
ec  dajfi'  deXnzov  a)c  dv  rjyrjzai  Ackt). 

AF.  fiij  yovacKbc  kv  zpbnoec  *^l^ 

dl^puvs,  fjLTjdk  j^ap^dpou  <po)zbc  dcK-qv 
XafxacTzezlc  ^bafia  Tzpoaxdvjjc  efioi' 
/xTjd'  eipLaac  ozpdjoaa^  knccjidovov  nbpov 
zcdu.     deoug  zot  zolade  zcfiaX^fcv  /|0£wi;. 
kv  nocKcXocc  dk  dvrjzbv  bvza  KdXXeacv 
paivecv,  efiol  p.lv  oudaficbc  dveu  (j)b^ou. 
Xkyo)  Kaz'  dvdpa,  fir}  Oebv,  ok^ecv  kfik. 
X(oplc  nodoipTjazpojv  z£  Kal  zcjv  TtoiKiXcov 
KXrjdwv  duzfc  Kal  zb  ptrj  KaKcoc  (f)pov£lv 
deou  iikycozov  dajpov.     bX^caae  dk  xp'f) 
Piov  zeXeozijaavz^  kv  eueazdl  (piX-fj. 


252  APPENDIX 


£i  ndvTa  d'  (be  Tcpdaaoi/x'  dv,  eudapaijc  £T^> 

KA.  Kal  pLTjv  rod'  dnl  [xf}  napa  -jtvco/xtjv  k/ioe 

AP,  yvcofxrjv  /ikv  'laOc  ptr)  dcacfidepouvx^  e/xk, 

KA.  7)u$(o  dloic  decaac  dv  wS'  Ipdecv  rdde. 

AF.  eirtsp  uc  eldwc  f  £0  rod'  k^elnev  rkXoc. 

KA.  zi  d'  dv  doKEc  aoc  Upcajioc,  ec  zdd'  Tjvuaev ; 

AF.  kv  TzocKcXocc  dv  ndpra  [xoc  ^fjvac  doKse^ 

KA.  pL7)  vuv  zov  dvdpwnecov  oudeoOjic  (/foyov, 

AF.     dXX'  d  doKe'c  aoc  zoDd',  unac  zee  dp^uXac 
Xuoc  rdxoc,  npbdouXov  efi^aoiv  nodoc, 
Kal  zoladk  ji'  k/jL^ouvovd'  aXoupykoev  deojv 
p.T}  zee  Tzpbaojdev  b/i/iazoc  ^dXoc  <j)dbvoe* 
tzoXXt)  yap  acdojg  azpco/iazo<j)dops2v  Ttoacv 
^decpovza  nXouzov  dpyupcovrjzouc  6'  ucpdc* 

knee  d'  dKoueev  oou  KazkozpapLjuac  zdde, 
e}fi*  ec  do/xojv  pJkXadpa  7top(j>6pae  nazibv. 

—  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  878-930. 

Page  IIS 

KA.   ^AnoXXcov,  ^AnbXXajv 
dyocdz^  dnbXXojv  ijabc* 
d  noi  noz*  T^yaykc  J^ ',  Ttpoc  nocav  azki'Tjv ; 

liCGodeov  fjjkv  o5v'  7:oXXd  ouvcazopa 
adzo<f>bva  KaKa  Kal  dpzdvac' 
dvd poo(j)ay£cov  Kal  nkdoo  pavzijpcov. 
XO.     *ioiK£v  eupic  t)  ^^^^  Kovbg  dcKTjV 
eivar  fiazedsi  d*  Jjv  dveop-^ae:  <f)bvov. 
KA.  d  d, 


APPENDIX  253 


pLapzupcocoi  yap  zolad^  kncmidofxac, — 
KXcuo/isva  rdde  Ppk<j>T}  o(f>aYac 
onrdc  re  adpKag  Ttpac  narpbc  ^eppojptkvac, 
XO.     ij  fi'qv  kXsoc  oou  iiavTCKOv  Tzenuofdvoc 
iflfjsv  7:po(f)rjzac  d'  oljuvac  fiaazeuo/jjei). 
KA.         i(i)f  rcbnoCj  zc  noze  firjdezou  ; 

zc  zode  vkov  dxoc  jJ-kya ; 
pky^  kv  dbfiocot  zolade  iirjdezai  KaKov, 
d(t)epzov  (j)cXocaiv,  doacazov  dXKa  d^ 

£Kdc  dnoazazel. 
XO,     zouzcov  dcdpcg  dfxc  zwv  fiavzeujidzajv' 
kKelva  d'  lyvojv  ndaa  yap  nbXcc  poq. 
KA.         c(h,  zdXoiva,  zbde  ydp  zeXe^c, 

zbv  bfiodsjuviov  nbacv 
Xoozpolac  ^acdpovaaa  —  iicbg  <f)pdaaj  zkXoc  ] 
zdxoc  ydp  zbd'  'iazae.     izpozecvec  dk  yelp  £K 

X^pbc  bpkyfxaza. 
XO.     ouTco)  $ov7JKa'  vov  ydp  k$  ouvcyptdzcov 
knapykiiocoi  deo(f)dzocg  dpL-qxavd). 
KA.         kk,  nanac,  Trandi,  zi  zbde  (fxuvezat ; 

fj  dUzubv  z'c  f  ''Acdou. 
dXX'  dpKug  i)  $uv£Uvoc,  ^  ^ovaczca 

(f)bvou.     azdacg  d'  aKbpezoc  ykvee 
KazoXoXu$dz(o  du/xazoc  Xeuacfiou. 
XO.     Ttocav  ^Epcvbv  zrjvds  dibp.aacv  KkXec 
knopded^ecv  ;  o3  fie  (j)acdp6vec  Xbyog. 
knl  dk  Kapdcav  edpajjs  KpoKO^a(l)7jc 
azaycbv,  dze  Kocpca  nzcjacfxoc 
$uvav6z££  piou  ddvzoc  auyacc- 
zayela  d'  dza  nkXei. 
KA.         d  d,  Idob  Idou'  dmxe  zijc  pobc 


254  APPENDIX 


Tov  Toujpov  ev  nknXocaev 
fisXayKspq)  ka^ouaa  jj.r}xav7jiJ.aT£ 

Tonrec  Tccrvec  d^  ev  kvudpq)  zeuxec. 
doXo^bvou  Xk^TjTOC  TuxoLV  ooi  Xkyo). 
XO.     01)  KOfmdoacp.^  dv  Oeo^xixajv  yviofuov  aKpoc 
elvac  KaKq>  dk  zq)  npoaecKaC^co  zdde. 

and  dk  deo(j>dzojv  zcg  dyadd  (j)dzcg 
ppozocc  azkXXezac ;  KaKOJv  yap  deal 
TcoXuenecg  zk^vcu  Oeoncipdbv 
^Q^ov  <j)kpouacv  ixadecv. 
KA.     CO),  ceo  J  zaXaivac  KaKonozpLOc  zuxou' 

zb  yap  kpbv  dpoelc  nddog  kneyxkag, 
Ttoi  di}  pe  deupo  zrjv  zdXacvav  riyayeg 
oudkv  Ttoz^  £i  pij  ^uvdavoupkvtjv ;  zc  yap ; 
XO.     ^pevopavTjc  zee  £^  d£0<f)bprjzoc,  dp- 
<f)l  d'  auzdc  Opoeic 
vbpov  dvopov,  old  zee  ^oudd 
aKopezoc  ^odc,  4>£0  zaXaevaec  (f^psaev 

"Izuv  *'Izuv  azkvoua'  dpcjiedaXfj  KaKoec 
drjdcbv  P'eov, 
KA.     eo),  eo),  Xeyeeac  pbpov  drjdbvoc' 
nepe^aXov  ydp  oe  nzepo^bpov  dkpag 
6£ol,  yXoKuv  z'  aecbva  KXaupdzcov  dzep' 
kpol  dk  pepvee  oxeopbg  dp(j)7)Kee  dope. 
XO.     nbdev  kneaouzoug  deo(j)bpoug  'ix^ec 
pazaeouc  doac, 
zd  d^  STrecj^o^a  duocjydzq)  KXayyq 
psXozimelg,  bpou  z'  bpdeoec  £v  vbpoeg ; 
Tzbdev  bpouc  'ix^^C  Oeoneoeag  bdoO 
KaKoppTjpovae  ; 
KA.     Id)  ydpoe,  ydpoe  Ildpedog,  bXkOpeoe 


APPENDIX  255 


(ftcXojv  CO)  ^Kafidvdpoo  ndrpcov  norbv 
Tore  fxev  dn<j)l  odg  dibvag  rdXouv' 
rjvuzo/jLav  Tpo(j>aic' 
wv  d^  d{i<j)l  KcoKUTov  re  Kaxepouacouc 
bxdouc  locKa  deoncqjdjjosiv  rdxa. 
XO.         Ti  rode  ropbv  dyav  enoc  ecfy-qfuao) ; 
veoyvbg  dvdpd)7Z(0V  /xdOoe. 
7ze7tXf)Yiicu  d'  unal  di^yiiarc  (f>ocvcq>j 
duaaXj-el  ruxq  ficvopd  Opeo/ikvaCf 
doDfiar^  e/iol  Kkuecv. 
KA.         id)  nbvoc,  nbvoc  nbXeoc  oXofikvag 
rb  ndv  id)  nponupyoc  Ouocac  narpbc, 
TzoXuKavelg  porcov  Tzocovbfxoov.     olkoc  d' 
oudev  enifjpKeaav 
rb  liTj  nbXcv  [xev,  &Gnep  ohv  exec,  Tzadelv 
ej-d)  de  depfxbvouc  rdx^  ev  nkdq)  ^aXd). 
XO,         enbpLeva  nporepocg  rdd^  e7ze(j)if)jn£0(jj 
Koi  rcc  oe  KaKo^povcov  rcdr}- 
ae  dcupuov,  onepOev  j^apuc  ep.7Zirva)Vj 
fisXc^ecv  Tzddf)  yoepa  6avaro(j>bpa' 
rep/jLa  d'  dfirjxoLvd) . 
KA.     Kal  fxrjv  b  xp^^l^^c  ouKer'  eK  KaXunfidrcov 
eorac  dedopKd)c,  veoydjxoo  vu/xcfyTjc  dcKTjV 
XapLTTpbc  d'  eocKev  r^Xcoo  npbc  dvroXac 
nvkojv  ka-q^ecv,  wore  Kdfiarog  dUrjv 
kX6^£cv  npbc  adyac  roOde  nTjfiaroc  noXb 
fiel^ov  (j)pevd)aa)  d^  ouKer^  e$  alvcyiidrcjv, 
KOi  fiaprupelre  ouvdpbpLWC  *iX'^^C  tcaKwv 
pcvqXarouar)  rojv  ndXac  nen pay (ikvcjv . 
rT}V  yap  arkyrjv  r-^vd'  ouTtor'  eKXecnei  x^P^C 
^6jj.<f>doyyoc,  ouk  eu^ojvog'  ou  yap  eu  Xkyei, 


256  APPENDIX 


Kac  fiTjv  TZETKOKcoc  y\  (Of  dpaouveodat  nXkoVj 
pporeiov  alfia,  koj/jloc  £V  do/ioic  [J-kvec 
duansfiTtToc  'i$oj  ^oyyovcov  'Epcwojv. 
upLvouac  d^  ufivov  dcofiaaiv  7zpoay)}ieva£y 
TtpioTapxov  drifjv'  h  pkpec  d'  dnknxuaav 
euvac  ddeX(l)Ou  zq)  naxoovxc  duoixevug, 

T^pLaprOV,    ^    KUpd)    Ti    TO^OTTjC   Tcg  coc ) 

fj  (peudbnavTcc  dp.c  dupoKonoc  (j)Xkdojv ; 
£Kjj.apTup7jaov  TzpoupLooac  TO  jJLTj  eldkvac 
Xbyq)  naXacac  rojvd^  d/iapziac  db/xajv. 

KA.     cob  cob,  CO  cb  KaKa. 
un'  ah  j«£  decvof  opdojuavrscac  nbvog 
oTpo^ec  zapdaacov  (fypocficocc   .    .    . 
bpdze  zouade  zobc  dbp-ocg  k(f)r)p.kvoug 
vkouc  bvdpojv  npoacfyspslc  liopcj^ibfiaocv  ; 
Tzdcdec  davbvzec  (bane pet  npbg  zcbv  (f)cX(OV, 
X^'cpac  KpeoJv  nXrjdovzec  oUecac  ^opdc, 
$bv  kvzkpocc  ze  anXdyx^^  knocKzcazov  yenoCy 
npenoua^  exovzec,  (bv  Tzazrjp  eyeuaazo. 
eK  zcbvde  Tzocvdg  <jiT}fJ.c  ^ouXeuecv  zcva 
Xkovz'  dvaXKcv  ev  Xkx^c  azpco^cbfievov 
ocKOupbv,  dcfioc,  Zip  [ioXbvzc  deanbzjj 
£/jui>'  ^epecv  yap  XPV  "^^  douXcov  C,uybv. 
veG)v  z'  enapxoc  'IXcou  z'  dvaazdzTjc 
ouK  ocdev  oca  yXcbaaa  {xcarjzrig  kuvoc 
Xe$aaa  ndKzecvaaa  (j>acdpbvouc,  Scktjv 
"Az7}c  Xadpacou,  zeu^ezac  KaKjj  zuxj)- 
zocaOza  zoXjuq'   dfjXuc  dpaevoc  (j)ovebf 
kazcv.     zc  vcv  KaXouaa  dua^cXeg  daKoc 
zuxocfi'  dv  ;  d{X(f)ca^acvaVy  tj  iKuXXav  zcvd 


APPENDIX  257 


ocKouaav  kv  nkxpacaCj  vaurcXojv  ^Xd^jjv, 

duouaav  "Aidou  pLTjrkp^  danovdbv  r'  dpdv 

(j)cXocc  Tzvkouaav  ;  (be  d'  kncoXoXu^aTO 

7)  TzavToxoXjioCy  cboTtep  kv  lidxric  "cponj}, 

doKBc  dk  /ai|0£^v  voozi/Mp  acorrjpiq, 

Kal  Tibvd'  hfiocov  £1  zc  ixrj  tze'cOoj'  z'c  ydp ; 

zb  ijkXXov  Tj^ec.     koc  ou  /j.'  kv  zd^^c  napcbv 

dyav  Y^  dXifjOdfiavziv  oiKzecpag  kpecg. 

XO.     zijv  fi£v  Ookozou  dacza  nacde'cwv  kpecbv 

$uvTJKa  Kal  nk<j)piKa'  Kal  (j)b^oc  fi'  sx^^ 

kXuovz'  dXrjdojc  oudkv  k^TjKaaukva' 

zd  d'  dXX'  dKouoa^  l/c  dpbfiou  mawv  zps^cj. 

KA.     ^Ayafikiivovbg  ok  <j)y)/Ji.'  knbipeodac  ptbpov, 

XO.     eij(j)r}pLOv,  Jj  zdXacva,  Kocji-qaov  azb/xa. 

KA.     dXX^  ouzc  IJacdjv  zq)d^  kncozazel  Xbyqj. 

XO.     ouK,  £i  Ttapkazat  7-'*  dXXd  fxrj  ykvoczb  nco. 

KA.     ob  iikv  Kazeux^i,  zoic  ^'  dnoKzecvecv  [ikXec. 

XO.     zivog  Tcpbc  dvdpbc  zouz'  dxoc  nopouvezac ; 

KA.     if)  Kapz'  dpouojv  TtapsKbmjc  XPV^/^^  kpuJjv. 

XO.     zoo  yap  zeXouvzoc  ou  $uv7JKa  fifjxavqv. 

KA.     Kal  pL-qv  dyav  y'  "EXXr^v^  kitcazaiiac  <j)dzcv. 

XO.     Kal  yap  zd  nudbKpavza,  duajiadTJ  d^  bficoc* 

KA.     nanar  dlov  zb  nop'  knkpx^zae  dk  p-oc. 

bzozol,  AuKEi'  "AnoXXov  0?  kyoj,  kycb. 

ojuzf)  dcTcouc  Xkacva,  auyKo:/icopkvT] 

XuKcp  Xkovzoc  edyevouc  dnooacq, 

KzevEc  pe  zijv  zdXacvav  (be  dk  ^dppaKOv 

zeuxouaa  Kapou  pcoObv  kvdrjaecv  Kozq) 

kneuxEzac,  O-qyouoa  (jxozl  (j)doyavov 

kp-fjc  dyojyfjg  dvzczcoaaOai  cjybvov. 

zc  dijz'  kpauzfjc  KazaykXojz'  e/oi  zdde 


258  APPENDIX 


Ktti  aKTJnrpa  koI  iiavreia  nepi  dkpj)  arkcprj ; 
ak  jikv  npb  jJLOipac  rfjc  sptfjc  dcafjidepu). 
'/t'  If  ^dbpov  Tzeobvx^'  ay^  djd^'  a/x'  lijjoiiac, 
dXXriv  ziv'  drrjv  dvr'  epLoO  nXouzi^eze. 
Wou  d\  ^AnoXXiDV  auxbc  eKduojv  kpk 
Xprjorrjpiav  kadTjr' ,  inonreuaac  dk  fie 
Kav  ro'eade  KbapLOcg  KarayeXw/JikvTjv  fjsrd 
^iXcov  UTz^  kxdpcjv  ou  dcxoppb-KOJC  ^dzrjv, 

ol)  p.rjv  dzc/jLOi  y'  £K  deibv  zedvrj^ojjsv, 
Tj^ec  ydp  Tiimv  dXXog  an  zipAopoc, 
prjzpoKzbvov  (f>izupa,  Ttocvdzojp  nazpbg' 
(jxjydg  d'  dXi^ZTjc  zfjode  yfjg  aTrb^evof 
Kdzecoiv  dzag  zdode  OpcfKcbacov  (jicXocg' 
bpcbpozou  ydp  opKog  ek  decov  pkyac, 
d$£iv  vtv  bnziaapa  Ktcphvoo  izazpbg. 
z'l  dTJz'  kyo)  KazocKZOc  (od'  dvaozkvco, 
STte}  zb  Tzpcbzov  eldov  'IX'coo  nbXiv 
npd^aaav  wc  enpa^ev,  o7  d'  elXov  nbXcv 
ouzcoc  dnaXXdoaooocv  kv  Oecbv  Kp'caec ; 
louaa  7tpd$oj,  zXrjoopac  zb  Kazdavdv. 
"Aidou  TTuXac  dk  zdod^  'ixoj  n poG^vvknecv . 
kneuxopac  dk  Kocpcag  TcXrjyfjc  zux^Vj 
(be  da(j)ddaazac,  alpdzcov  sudvrjOipajv 
dnoppukvzojv,  bppa  oup^dXco  zbds. 
XO.     w  TtoXXd  pkv  zdXacva,  noXXd  d*  o5  ao(f>^ 
yuvac,  paKpdv  Izetvag'  d  d^  kzrjzupcoc 
pbpov  zbv  adzTJc  dlaOa,  ncbc  OerjXdzoo 
j^obc  d'cKf}V  Ttpbc  ^copbv  euzbXpwc  nazelc  ', 
KA.     ouK  'ioz'  dXo^cc,  ou,  $kvoc,  xpb^ov  nXkco. 
XO.     b  d'  uazazbc  ye  toD  xP^^^^  npea^euezcu. 


APPENDIX  259 


KA.  rjK£i  rod'  ^P-f^P'  oficKpa  Kepdavco  (jyoyj). 

XO.  dXX^  'lode  zXiijficov  odo'  a?:'  eorbXiiou  (f)pev6C' 

KA.  oudeec  olkooec  zaura  rojv  £udacp.bvojv. 

XO.  dXX'  euKXecbc  zoc  Kazdavelv  x^P^C  j^pozcp. 

KA.  CO),  ndzep,  goo  zcbv  ze  yevvaicov  z'eKvwv. 

XO.  zc  d'  kazc  xPW^'f  '^^C  o'  dnoazpk^ec  (j)b^og ) 

KA.  (peu,  (j)eO. 

XO.  zc  zouz^  £(j)£u$ac  ',  ei  'zc  p.rj  (j>p£vibv  azoyog, 

KA.  cj)6vov  dbpLOc  nvkouocv  acp.azoazayfj. 

XO.  Koc  TKjjg  ;  zbd^  b^ec  du/xdzcov  kcjyeazccov, 

KA.  ofioioc  dzfjLOc  cJOKSp  sk  zd(j)0(j  npenec. 

XO.  00  lopiov  dyXdcGfia  dco/xaacv  Xkyecc. 

KA.  dXX^  elpLi  Kdv  dbfiocac  KiOKooooa^  i/Jirjv 
'A-jraptk/nvovbc  z£  fio'cpav.     dpKehoj  ^cog. 

id),    $£V0i. 

00  zoc  doaoc^oj  ddp.vov  a>c  bpvcg  (j)bp(:p 
dXXoJc'  davooaj)  pLapzop£~cz£  ptoc  zbd£y 
ozav  yovTj  yovacKoc  dvz^  kp.00  ddvjj, 
dv/jp  z£  doaddpLapzoc  dvz'  dvdpbc  nkarj, 
£nc^£vodiiai  zaJoza  d'  coc  davoo/iivr). 
XO.     (I)  zXfjfiov,  o£KZ££pco  o£  d£a<j)dzoo  nbpou, 
KA.     d7za$  'iz'  £l7Z£'iv  pfjOiv,  06  dpfjvov  dkXo) 
kfibv  zbv  ojozfjC'     T^Xiq)  d'  £7t£6xop.OLi 
npbc  oazazov  (jyojc,  "^olg  kp-o'cg  zcp-abpocg 
kxOpolg  ^ov£ooc  zolg  kpLo'cc  zcv£iv  bp.00 
dooXfjc  davooa-qc,  £6p.apooc  ;^£^/)^//aTOf . 
l(h  ^pbz£ca  Tzpdyfiaz^'  £dzoxoovza  p.£v 
GKcq.  zee  «i^  7tp£(l)£C£V'  £i  Sk  doozoxjj , 
^oXdcc  bypcbaacov  oTcbyyoc  coX£0£v  ypa(j)-i]v. 
Kal  zaOz'  £K£cv(x)v  pidXXov  ocKZ£cpijj  TtoXo. 

—  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  1052-1301. 


260  APPENDIX 


Page  I2S 

KA.     eoTTjKa  d'  'ivd'  Inaio^  kn'  k^ecpyaafikvocc* 
obroj  d'  £7tpa$a,  koi  rdd'  ouk  dpvrjaopiou, 
(be  /JLrjT£  <f)euy£cv  pf^z^  dpL^vaadai  fiopov, 
dneipov  dficjic^X-qaTpov,  coansp  i^doajv, 
mpianxiC^,  nXouTov  ecfiarog  KaKov. 
Tcoud)  dk  viv  dec'  Kdv  duolv  olncoyp.dxocv 
imdfjKtv  ODTou  KcbXa'  koI  nsTtrajKozi 
Tphrjv  knevdcdojuc,  too  Kaxd  ^Govoc 
Acbg,  veKpibv  acorrjpoc,  euKzacav  ^dpiv. 
OUZO)  zbv  obzoo  6up.bv  bp/xouvsi  nsacoD' 
KdK(j)oacci)V  b^elav  di/xazoc  o^ayrjv 
^dXXec  //'  epep-vfj  (panddc  (j)ocviac  dpbaou, 
Xodpouaav  oudev  ^aaov  r)  dcoodbzo) 
ydvec  onoprjzbc  KdXoKOc  kv  Xox^dliOLOcv. 
ibg  (hd'  kxbvzcov,  Ttpkapog  'Apysicov  zbde, 
Xoipocz^  dv,  £i  xfJ^poiz\  kyd)  ^'  £7t£6xo}iac. 

£C   d^    TjV   np£7TbvZ(0C   OJOZ'    £7tta7t£vd£CV    V£Kp(pj 

zdd^  dv  dcKOucoc  tjv,  U7Z£pdcKC0c  jikv  o5v' 
zoo(jL)vd£  KpazTJp'  £V  db/xoic  naKOJV  od£ 
TcXdjoac  dpaiiov  adzbc  £Kniv£c  fioXcLv. 

—  Aesch.  Ag.  1350-1369. 
Page  126 

npbc  7)pux)V 
Kdn7t£a£v,  rjii£~ig  koc  KazaddcJfoptsVf 
QUI  bnb  nXaodiubv  zojv  16  oiKOJV, 
dXX^  ^I(j>cx£V£cd  viv  danaGCioc 

duyazTjp,  (be  ipT], 
Tcazkp'  dvzcdaaaa  npbc  (bKunopov 
7:bpdpL£ujn'  d^kcov, 
7Z£p}  X£ip£  ^aXooaa  <j)cX-^a£c 


APPENDIX  261 


XO.  ovecdoc  T)K£c  rbd^  dvr'  ovsidouc' 

duofiaxa  d'  korl  Kplvar 
(jikpec  <f>epovz\  kKzcvec  d'  6  kcuvojv. 
[uiivec  dl,  [iciivovToc  kv  dpovqj  Jwc, 
nadfiv  zov  ep^avza'  dkajicov  yap' 

—  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  1529-1541. 

Fage  121 

KA.     dc  ^y(h.     $ui>7JKa  rounog  i$  cdviypidKov, 

dbXoic  bXo6iJLed\  wonep  ouv  eKzeivajiev, 

doiT)  zic  dvdpoKpLfjza  nkXeKov  d>g  zd^oc' 

eida)/x£v  ^  viKaJjuEV  rj  viKcofieda' 

evzaOda  yap  drj  zoOd'  d(j)CKbixrjv  KaKOu. 

OP.     ok  Kal  iiazeuoj'  z(^d£  d^  dpKouvzoJC  £X^t. 

KA.     dc  'yco.     zkdvqKag,  cj)cXzaz^  Alycadoo  ^ca. 

OP.     (jicXecg  zbv  dvdpa ;  zolyap  ev  zodzo)  zd^q) 

Kecaer  Oavbvza  d'  ouzc  pt-q  npodipc  nozk. 

KA.     kniox^C,  ^  Trar  zbvde  d'  dldeaaCj  zkKvov, 

fxaazbv,  itpbc  S  ob  noXXa  di)  ^pc^cov  d/xa 

ouXocGiv  i^rjpLeX^ac  £uzpa/j)lc  ydXa. 

OP.     IluXddr},  zc  dpdao) ;  jn)zkp^  oudeodoj  Kzaveev ; 

nVAAAHI 

Ttou  dal  zd  Xocnd  Ao^cou  ptavzed/xaza 

zd  Uudbxpyjcrza  ncozd  d^  edopKd)fiaza ; 

dnavzac  ex^pouc  zcbv  deojv  rjyoO  TzXkov. 

OP.     Kpivii)  as  viKdv,  Kot  Ttapacve'tc  J^Oi  KaXoJC' 

'enow  npbc  auzbv  zbvde  ak  G(j)d^(u  dkXco' 

Koc  C,cbvza  ydp  vcv  Kpscaoov^  fjyqacj  nazpbc* 

zouzcp  davoOaa  ^uyKdOsuS' ,  ens}  <j)cXecc 

zbv  dvdpa  zouzov,  bv  d'  exprjv  cfxXslv  azuyetC' 


262  APPENDIX 


KA.  kyd)  (t'  Wp£(l)a,  abv  dk  yqpdvac  OkXn). 

OP.  TtarpoKTOvoOaa  yap  ^uvoiK-qascc  kfxoc ; 

KA.  T]  fioipa  TOUTOJV,  w  tskvov,  Tzapouvia. 

OP.  Koi  Tovde  ro'cvov  fiolp'  knbpauvev  fxopov, 

KA.     oudkv  aej^i^si  yevedXiouc  dpac,  tskvov  ; 

OP.  TSKoOaa  yap  ji^  eppnl)a^  elc  to  doaruxkc- 

KA.  ouTOi  o'  dnkppnl>^  elg  dojuouc  dopu^kvoug, 

OP.  dcxcoc  eTzpddifjv,  tDy  eXsuOkpou  Trazpoc. 

KA.  Tzou  drjd'  6  ujioc,  ovrcv^  dvrede^dfii^ii ; 

OP.  alaxovoiia}  aoc  tout'  bv£cdcoac  oa<j)6jg. 

KA.  [/x^*]  dXX^  £i(p'  bpLOiOJc  Kal  narpdc  too  gou  /xdrac. 

OP.  fiTj   '^s/'/e  Tov  tzovouvt'  eoio  Kadrjukvr). 

KA.  dXyoc  yovac^iv  dvdpbg  ecpyeadac,  t'skvov. 

OP.  zpk(j)ei  dk  y'  dvdpbc  p^b^doc  rj/ikvac  'iao). 

KA.  KTSvslv  'ioiKac,  (b  tskvov,  ttjv  /jLfjrkpa. 

OP.  au  roc  asaurrjv,  ouk  kycb,  KaraKzevdc- 

KA.  bpa,  <j)uXa^ac  pLfjrpbc  kyKbrouc  Kuvag. 

OP.  rdc  TOO  Ttarpbg  dk  nojc  (jiuyco  napsic  rdde  ; 

KA.  'iocKa  dprjvecv  ^cjaa  npbg  tu/jl^ov  /idrrjv. 

OP.  nazpbg  yap  ouaa  xbvdE  aoupcC,£i  jibpov. 

KA.  0?  ^yd).  TSKoOaa  rbvS^  b(j)iv  kdpsiffdpLTjv. 

OP.  7)  Kdpra  p.dvTcc  bd$  bveipdrcov  cf)b^of. 

KravoOa'  ov  ou  XPl^f  '^^^  ^^  P-V  XP^^^  ndde. 

—  Aeschylus,  Choephoroe,  873-916. 

Page  ISO 

naXai^aroc  d*  h  ppoxo'cg  ykpcov  Xbyoc 
xeTUKzac,  pkyav  TeXeoOkvza  cfycorbc  bX^ov 
zeKvouadai,  jurjd'  dnaida  OvijOKecv' 

eK  d'  dyaddf  ruxac  ykvec 
^Xaoxdvecv  dKopeazov  oe(^u]J, 


APPENDIX  263 


diXf^  ^'  oiXXojv  jiov6(f)pojv  si/ie'  to  duaoe^kc  yap  epyov 
pkra  pkv  nXecova  rUrec,  a(j)£zkpq  d'  ecKOTa  ykvvq. 
dcKOJv  yap  eududcKUJv 
KaXXcTzacc  TcozpLOc  cuec. 
(jiike  dk  TiKxecv  "T^pcc  fiev  izaXata  ved- 
^ouoav  kv  KaKoic  j^porojv 
"Tppcv  tot'  §  rod' ,  ore  zb  KUpcov  fioXj)' 

vka  d^  e(j)UOBV  Kbpov, 
dai/jLOvd  t'   dp.axoVy  d^bXejuov, 
dvcepov  OpdaoCf  pLeXazva  [leXdOpocacv  "Aza 

ddo[xkva  zoKEUGcv. 
AcKa  de  Xd/xmc  p.£V  kv  duoKdnvocc  dib/jLaocv, 
zbv  d'  ivaiaifiov  zkc  ^cov. 
zd  xp^(^bnaaza  d'  ededXa  obv  7tcv(p  x^P^^ 
naXcvzpbnocc  ofifLaoiv 
XcnouG^  oaca  Trpoak/aoXe, 
ddvafiiv  00  ak^ouaa  nXobzou  napda-q^xov  a'ivcp, 
Ttdv  d'  knl  zkpfia  voj/nq. 

—  Aeschylus,  Agamemnon,  727-755. 

J'age  132 

dec  yap  b(ps(c  'ivvuxoi  nojXeujievac 
ec  napdei'OJvag  zobc  e/J-Ouc  napT]ybpoov 
Xdocac  piudoic'  ^^  P-^y^  eudalfxojv  KopTj, 
zi  Ttapdevsuec  dapbv,  k^bv  aot  ydfxotj 
zoxe'tv  fJLcy'iozou  ;  Zebc  yap  lp.kpou  f^kXsc 
Tzpbg  aou  zkdaXnzatj  koI  ^uvaipeaOac  Kunpiv 
dkXer  ab  d\  Jj  Tzat,  p.-^  ^noXaKzcajjC  Xkxoc 
zb  Zifjvbc,  dXX'  UsXde  r.pbg  Akpvqc  ^adbv 
Xecpxbva,  no'cpva^  ^ouazdasif  zs  npbc  nazpbd 
WC  dv  zb  A'cov  oppa  Xaxfyrjajj  nbdoo. 


264  APPENDIX 


TOiOiade  Tzdoac  £U(f)p6vac  bvdpaac 
$ovs£Xo/i7jv  d6aT-r}Voc,  'ic  '^^  ^^  naxpl 
%xXtiv  yeyojvelv  vuKZc^avT^  ovdpara. 

—  Aeschylus,  Prom.  663-675. 

Ou  (/feudrjc  ode  fiOdoc,  dXrjdecj)  dl  KeKaarcUj 

Kud'cnnTjC  na'cdcov  euosjSirjc  0^  boirig, 
TjduxaprjC  T^P  '^^"^  gkotcoc  dvdpdoiv  wpcoc  ohoc, 

/JtfjTpoc  knel  (^cXc-Q  kXecvov  WevTO  nbvov. 
Xcupocz'  eh  kvkpocGCD  kn^  euae^ij),  kXutoc  dvdpeCt 

Koc  zbv  dr:'  aecbvcov  fwOov  exone  [ibvoc. 

—  Anth.  Pal.  iii.  18. 

Page  136 

Wxt  MpvaKc  Kslz'  kv  dacdaXkq, 

avepibc  t'  k(j)bp£c  [icv  Tzvkojv  KtvqOuad  re  XipLva, 

delpLa  Tzpooelpne  tot'  ouk  ddidvxocac  Ttapecaic, 

dii(j)i  re  Ilepoee  ^dXXe  (j>cXav  xkp\  elizev  t'*  ih  xeKogy 

dlov  'ixco  nbvov'  ob  d'  dojzelc' 

YaXadr)V(p  Xade'e  Kvcbooecg  ev  dxepnel 

dob  pare  ;(fa^/c£o;'6j«0(^, 

vuKTc  dXafiTze'i  Kuaveq)  ze  dvb^xp  KazaXecg' 

dX/iav  d'  onepdev  zedv  KOfidv  fiaOelav 

napcbvzog  Ku^azoc  ouk  dXeyecg,  odd'  dvepLCov 

(j)db'cyov,  nop^opeq 

Kecpjevog  ev  xXavidi,  npboomov  kXcOIv  npoawnq). 

el  d'e  zoc  decvbv  zb  ye  decvbv  ^v, 

Kou  Kev  e/jwv  pT}fxdz(jJv  Xenzbv  unelx^C  obac. 

KsXo/xai  d*,  eude  j^pe(j)oc,  eudezoj  de  Tzbvzoc, 

eudezco  d'  dp.ozov  Kanbv 


APPENDIX  265 


jjLerai^ok'ca  dk  xcc  ^aveir),  ZeO  ndrep, 
Ik  akdev  ^zxc  de  OapaaXkov  Inoc 
eJjxoficu  vba(j)cv  dUac,  ouyy'^cjdc  fioi. 

—  SiMONiDES,  37. 

'P^acc  Ppo-X^'^^  '^o'^C  (f^povouoc  aaxjypova 
Tzpbc  Touc  TiKovzac  Kot  <puT£uaavzac  npkntc 
(iXXoJc  T£  Kal  KopTj  T£  Kapfscq  ykvoCj 
ale  KOG/iOc  Tj  ocyq  re  koI  to.  naup'  'inr). 

—  Sophocles,  Frag.  61. 

jPage    137 

yhvat,  (pikov  pkv  (jikyyoc  fjXcou  rode, 
KaXbv  dl  TtbvTou  x^oii'  Iduv  eurjvspLOV, 
yfj  T*  Tjpivbv  ddXXouoa  nXouoibv  d'  udojp, 
TzoXXwv  t'  Inacvov  lore  p.oc  Xk^ac  KaXcbv 
dXX^  oudlv  OUZO)  XapLnpbv  odd'  Iduv  KaXbv 
(jL>c  zoic  dnacoc  Kal  Tzbdq)  dsdrj^fikvocc 
naidcjv  veoyvojv  Iv  dbfxoic  iduv  (j)dog. 

—  Euripides,  Frag.  318. 

Page  13Q 

zd  zfjc  ye  kT^OflC  (jydpfxaK^  bpdojoac  ptbvoc, 
d^ojva  Kol  (jxovouvza  auXXa^dg  ze  Oelc 
k^supov  dvd pcbnocac  ypdpLptaz'  ddkvac, 
coaz'  06  napbvza  Ttovzcag  unlp  nXaKbg 
zdKsTc  Kaz'  o'iKouc  ndvz'  kniozaoOac  KaXcbc, 
Tzouah  z'  dTiodvi)aKovza  xpf)!J-dz(ov  ptkzpov 
ypdipavzaf  elne'iv,  zbv  Xa^bvza  d'  eldkvac. 


266  APPENDIX 


5  d'  eic  'ipiv  TzcTZTouaiv  dvOpconoic  KaKa 
dkXroc  dcatpel,  kouk  eq  ({jeudTJ  Xkyscv. 

—  Euripides,  Frag.  582. 

Page  14.0 
sKavez*  eKaveze  zav 
7zdvao(pov,  d)  Aavaoij 
zdv  oudkv^  dXyuvouaav  drjdova  Mouodv, 

—  Euripides,  Frag.  591. 

Page  142 

cb  zkKva  zsKva,  o(f)iov  pkv  eazi  dr}  nbXiC 
Koc  dci)fx\  kv  «  XcTzovzec  dOXcav  kpk 
ocKTjoez'  dsi  fXT)Zpbc  kaz£pf)fikvoc' 
kyo)  d^  If  dXXfjv  yacav  £}pu  d-q  (l)0'jrdcy 
Tzplv  a(j>ij)v  'dvaadac  Kdncdecv  sudaifiovaCj 
Ttpcv  XsKzpa  KOI  yuvalKa  koc  yafiTjXhuc 
euvdc  dyfjXcu  Xajanddac  r'  dvaoxsOelv, 
d)  doozdXacva  zijc  kjnijc  o^Oadcag. 
aXXioc  dp'  bp.dc,  d)  zkKv\  k^edpsipdp-qv, 
dXXoJc  ^'  kpbxOouv  koc  Kaze$dvd-qv  nbvoic 
ozeppdc  kveyKoOa'  kv  zbKOcg  dXyrjdbvag, 
j5  p-qv  nod'  i)  dbozrjvoc  £^/ov  kXn'idac 
noXXdc  kv  bpcv  yqpo^ooK-qaecv  z'  kpk 
KOC  Kazdavouaav  x^P^^^  ^^  nepcazeXecVy 
(^TjXojzbv  dvOpcbnoior  vuv  d'  bXcoXe  dij 
yXuKsla  (ppovzic-     (y<f>cpv  yap  kazepjjpkvTj 
Ximpbv  dcd^o)  ^cozov  dXyecvbv  z'  kpoL 
bpelc  ^£  prjzkp'  ouksz'  oppaacv  (jicXocc 
6([f£ad' ,  kc  aXXo  oxfjp'  dnoazdvzec  ^coo. 
<f)£0  (f)€0'  zc  TtpoodkpKsadk  p'  oppaoiv,  zeKva ; 


APPENDIX  267 


zi  npooyeXdze  zbv  navooxaxov  ykXojv ; 
alar  Ti  dpdao) ;  Kapdca  yap  o'ix^xat, 
yuvdiKSC,  b/ipta  <f)acdpbv  (be  ecdov  tskvcov, 
ouK  dv  duvoipLTjV     7a^|0lrct>  poukufiara 
TO.  Tcpoadev  d$aj  naidac  bk  yacag  kfiouC' 

KozTOi  Ti  ndcF^o) ',  po6Xop.ac  ykXcor^  6(j)Xe2v 
k^dpouc  fiedftaa  roue  eptouc  dC^rjfxcoug  ; 
ToXpi7)T£Ov  zdd' .     dX},d  ZTJc  s/JirjC  Kdnrjc, 
zb  Kol  npokodoi  jaaXdaKouc  Xbyooc  (j)pevbc* 
XOJpelze,  Tzaldec,  if  dbfiooc'  ozq)  dk  pirj 
OkpLic  napecvae  zoig  kfioicot  dufxacnv, 
oi^zq)  liBXijoec.  X^^P^  ^'  ^^  dca(j)d£p(b, 

dXk^  elp.c  yap  dij  zkrjfiovsazdzrjv  bdbv, 
Kal  zouade  nkpLi/fa)  zXrjfjLoveozkpav  'izi, 
naidac  n pooecnelv  ^ouXofiac.     dbz\  d)  zsKva, 
dbz'  dandaaadae  /xrjzpe  de^cdv  X^P^' 
(b  (jickzdzf)  /£^jO,  <j)ikzazov  dk  pLOt  azbfiay 
Kal  oxTjua  Kal  Ttpboajnov  euyevlc  zeKvojv, 
eudaipLovolzov  dXX'  eKs'r  zd  d'  ivddde 
TtazTjp  d(j>£cXez\     d)  yXoKeia  npoa^oXri, 
d)  ptakdaKbc  XP^C  nveufxd  6'  rjdiozov  zskvcov, 
XOjpelzs  7£t>|0£?T'*      ouKsz'  el/xl  npoa^Xknecv 
oca  t'  If  ufidc,  dXXd  vcKcofxai  KaKo'ec- 

—  Euripides,  Medea,  1021-1077. 

I^agg  147 

Tupiov  dldpta  Xcnoua^  e^av 
dKpodcvca  Ao^cq 
0OiV£Ooac  dnb  vdooo 


268  APPENDIX 


0oc^q)  douXa  jj£Xddpcov, 
lev'  unb  decpdac  vc^o^bXocc 
Uapvaaou  Kazevdodifj. 

^u  de  KaaraXcac  udcop 
kncpkv^c  jjs  KOfiac  e/xdc 
deuaae  napdkvcov  x^^^^^ 
0O£p£iaiae  XaTpdacg, 
l(h  Xd/inouaa  nkxpa  nupbc 
dcKop6<j)OJV  akXac  bnlp  dKpa)v 
BaKi^lav  AcovoooUj 
o*ha  6'  a  KaOapkpcov 
ord^ciC  "^^^  TtoXuKapTzov 
olvdvdag  h'taa  pbzpov, 
lidded  t'  dvTpa  dpdKOVZOCj  o3- 
pEiOi  T£  oKOTzcal  dsojv, 
vt(j)b^oXbv  r'  bpoc  Ipbv,  el- 
Xcaoojv  ddavdzac  Osou 
Xopbc  yevoifiav  dcfyo^oc 
Ttapa  iJ£obii(f>aXa  yuaXa  0be^ou. 

—  Euripides,  Phoenissae,  202-207,  222-238. 

Page  14Q 

dppLara  pJkv  zdde  Xa/XTrpd  z^O pinniDV' 

TiXeoc  T^djj  Xdfxnec  Kaza  yijv, 

aazpa  dl  <f)euyee  nop  zbd'  dn^  alOkpog 

kc  vuxO^  hpdv, 

Ilapvrjaiddsc  ^'  d^azoc  KOpu<j>al 

KazaXajnTrbfieva:  ztjv  ■^/lepeav 

diJHda  Ppozotjc  dkxovza:. 

o/iijpvrjc  d'  dvudpou  Kanvbg  dg  bpb(j)Ouc 


APPENDIX  269 


Oo'c^ou  itkrezac, 

ddaaec  dk  fuvi)  zpiTcoda  ^dOeov 

JeXcplc,  deidoua'  "EXk-qac  ^oac, 

dc  0.V  'AnokXcov  KeXadi^arj. 

dXX\  d)  0oc^o(j  A£X(j)ol  dkpanec, 

zdc  KaoxaXcac  dpyupoecdecc 

pouveze  dcvac,  Kadapdec  ^£  dpbaocc 

d(j)udpavdfxevoi  azecx^ze  vaouc' 

ozopta  z'  eij(j>f}Hov  (f)poupelz^  dyaddv, 

(t)i^fiac  z^  dyaddc  zoilg  kOkXooocv 

fLavzeueadae 

yXcoaarjc  idcac  dno^ahscv. 

riimcc  dk  nbvooc  ode  ^«  nacdbc 

fioxOoOfJSv  del,  nzbpOocac  dd^vTjc 

az£(j)£ah  6'  kpdlc  kobdooc  (^oc^oo 

Kadapdc  di^aopLSV  uypacc  t£  Tzkdov 

^av'cacv  vozepbv,  tzztjvwv  z'  dykXac, 

a?  pXdnzouocv 

okfiv^  dvad-qnaza,  zb^ocacv  eptolc 

^uyddac  drjao/nev'  (bg  yap  diii]ZO)p 

dndzojp  z£  y£ya)c  zouc  dpk(l)avzac 

Qoc^ou  vaouc  d£pa7i:£uo), 

&f  d)  v£7)6aXkc  (h 
KaXXcazac  7tp07ibX£U{xa  dd<f)vac, 
5  zdv  Ooc^oo  dupikXav 
Gacp£cc  onb  vaolc 
KrjTtojv  £$  ddavdzcov, 
'iva  dpbaoc  zkyyooa^  kpa} 
zdv  dkvaov  naydv 
£KKp6i£iaa4 


270  APPENDIX 


liopacvag  hpav  (j)6^av, 

a  aoupcj  ddnedov  dsou 

nava{jkpiog  aju'  deXcou  nrkpuyc  Ooq 

Xazpeuiov  zb  Kaz'  ^jiap. 

d)  Ilacdv  (I)  IlcudVf 

euoicov  euouojv 

e'i7)C}  ^  AazoOc  nai, 

KaXbv  ye  zbv  nbvov,  d) 

Odi^e,  Gol  Tcpb  dbpL(oi>  Xazpedo), 

zcpjujv  navzelov  edpav 

KXecvbg  d'  b  nbvoc  fioc, 

dtoiacv  douXav  ykp^  '^X^^^f 

00  dvazolc,  dXX'  ddavdzocc* 

Bu^djiocc  dk  nbvocc  /xoxdelv 

00 K  dnoKdfxvco. 

^ol^bc  pLOi  yevkzcop  nazi)p, 

zbv  ^boKovza  yap  edXayd), 

zb  d^  ib(j)kXi{iov  kfioe  nazkpoc  bvofia  Xkyco 

Oo'c^oo  zoo  Kazd  vabv. 

lb  Ilacdv  (b  IlacdVy 

eoouojv  eooLciov 

e'ijjCf  ^  AazoOc  ^ct^« 

—  Euripides,  Ion,  82-142. 

jPage  IS  2 


XO.  a'.     ooK  kv  zaig  (^aOkaic  'AOd- 
vacg  eoKiOvsc  ^oav  ad- 
Xal  d£(I)v  pLovov,  odd'  dyoc- 
dzidec  OepanBcac* 


APPENDIX  271 


dXXa  Kol  napa  Ao^cq 

rq)  Aarouc  dcduficov  izpoad)- 

Tzojv  KaXXc^Xk^apov  <j)cbC' 
XO.  P'.     Idob  xdvd'  adprjoov, 

Aepvalov  udpav  kvacpec 

Xpuakacc  dpnacc  b  Acbc  ndi^' 

(j)iXa,  npbocd^  booocg. 
XO.  a' .     bpd).     Koc  nkXac  dXXog  ad- 

rou  Tzavbv  nopc(j)X£Kxov  di- 

p£i  Tic'    dp'  be  knaiac  jxu- 

deuerai  napd  ni^vacg 

donco-cdc  'IbXaoc,  be 

Kocvobg  aepopLsvoc  nbvouc 

Jcq)  nacdl  oovavxXec ; 
XO.  f' .     Kal  fidv  zbvd'  ddpTjaov 

nrspoOvToc  £<pedpov  "innoo' 

xdv  nop  nvkouaav  ivaipec 

zpcacofxarov  dXKdv. 
XO.  a'.     Tzavxd  toc  ^Xk(l)apov  dc(x)K(o, 

oKkil^ac  KXbvov  kv  xecx^oc 

Xdcvocac  riydvTcov. 
XO.  d'.     wde  depKo/xed',  d)  cjicXac, 
XO.  e' .     Xeuoaecc  ouv  en'  'EyKeXddq) 

■fopfiOTzbv  TzdXXouaav  'huv  ; 
XO.  c' '     Xeuaooj  IJaXXdd'  k{xdv  deov, 
XO.  (^' .     Ti  ydp)  Kspauvbv 

dp.(j)C7zopov  b^pcfJLOv  kv  Jibe 

kKfi^bXococ  xepGcv  ; 
XO.  7)'.     bpd),  zbv  dd'iov  Mifiavza 

no  pi  KazacdaXoi. 
XO,  6' .     Koi  Bpbjiioc  dXXov 


272  APPENDIX 


dnoXkixocc  Kcaocvococ  ^aKxpocg 
kvacptc  Fdc  TEKViov  6  ^aKxeuc. 

—  Euripides,  Ion,  184-218. 

jPage  161 

npu)TOV  lilv  euxjj  Tfjde  npea^edco  dewv 
TTjV  npioxoptavTcv  Facav  ek  de  rijc  Sk/icv, 
7j  d-^  TO  juTjTpoc  deurkpa  rod'  e^ezo 
[lavxelov,  wg  Xbyog  zcg'  kv  de  rqt  rphq) 
Mx^e,  deXouoTjc,  oudk  npbg  ^cav  Tcvbg^ 
Tcxavlc  aXXf)  nacc  xOovbc  Kadk^exo 
Ooc^T}'  didcoac  d'  rj  yevedXcov  dbocv 
0oi^(x)'  xb  0oi^7)c  d^  bvop.^  'ixei  napcjvufJLOV. 
Xcn<hv  31  Xijiv7)v  JrjXiav  xe  xocpdda, 
KeXaac  kn'  d/crctf  vauTcbpoog  xdg  IJaXXddoCf 
If  XTjvde  yacav  ^XOe  IlapvTjaooO  6'  edpaf. 
nkfinouac  d'  auxbv  koc  o£^cC,ouotv  fxkya 
KeXeudonocol  ndidec  ^H(j>acaxoo  x^bva 
dvrjptspov  xcdkvxec  ripjepojpkvqv. 
/xoXovxa  d'  adxbv  Kdpxa  xcfxaX(j)ec  Xecbc, 
JeX<j)bc  T£  x^P^C  Tfjode  npujavqxrjc  dva$, 
xex^rjc  de  vcv  Zebg  'ivOeov  Kxcaaf  ^peva, 
*i^£i  xkxapxov  xbvde  ptdvxcv  kv  dpbvocg' 
Jebc  npo(j)rixric  d'  kaxl  Ao^iag  naxpog. 
xouxouc  £v  c^/a^r  (j>pO£jj.m^opLou  dsodf. 
UaXXac  Ttpovaia  d'  h  Xbyocg  npea^euBxac, 
akj^co  dk  vujj.(j)ac,  evOa  KojpuKlg  nkxpa 
KOiXf),  (f)£Xopi>cg,  dcufxbviov  dvaaxpo(j)-f}' 
(Bpbfiioc  ^'  'ix^^  ^bv  x^^pov,  oud^  d/iy)y//oyd), 
1^  ouxe  BdKxaic  kaxpaxi^yifjaev  debc, 
Xayo)  dcKTjv  Ilevdec  Kaxappd(pac  fibpov) 


APPENDIX  273 


nXecazoO  re  Trrjyac,  koI  Iloasidcbvo^  Kpdxog 
KaXouaa,  Kot  TkXecov  ucpiorov  Aca. 
enena  iidvTcg  eic  Opovoog  Kadc^dvco, 

—  Aeschylus,  Eumen.  1-29. 

I^age  16/ 

kfiol  Ttaxfjp  filv  nbXu^oc  tjv  KophOwc, 
p.r)Trjp  dk  Me  pom}  Aojpcg.     ijybp.'f^v  d'  dv-qp 
daxcov  pkycGTOc  tojv  £K£1,  npcv  ptoc  wxt) 
TOidd'  knkoxri,  dauptdaac  pkv  d^caj 
anoudfjc  7'£  pkvzoc  zijc  e/^^r  ouk  d$ia. 
dvTjp  yap  h  ddnvocg  jti'  unepnX-qoddc  pkdjj 
KaXei  Tzap^  o*cvcp  nXaaxbg  (hg  icrjv  nazpc. 
Kayo)  ^apuvdelg  ttjv  pjkv  ouaav  rjptkpav 
fxdXec  Karkaxov,  ddrkpq  d'  l(hv  nkXac 
p.T)Tpdc  narpbc  z'  tJ^s/'j^ov  ol  dk  dua(f)bp(OC 
Touvecdoc  fjyov  zq)  p^Okvzc  zbv  Xbyov. 
Kayo)  za  fikv  K££VO£v  kzepKbnT}v,  ofiojc  ^' 
sKVi^k  p.'  dec  zouO''     u^eipTzs.  yap  7:0X6. 
Xddpa  dk  prjzpbc  koI  nazpbg  nopsuoptac 
IJudwde,  Koc  jj.^  b  Qo'c^oc  (hv  pkv  hbpLJjv 
dzifxov  £^£7:£p([)£v,  dXXa  d^  ddXca 
Kol  decvd  Kal  duazT)va  npou^-f}V£V  Xkycov, 

(be  j«>?T|0^  j«£y  XP^h  P-^  P-^X^^^^f  ykvoc  d' 
azXrjzov  dvOpibnococ  d-qXojoocp'  bpdv, 
^ov£bg  d^  iooifirjv  zou  (f)uz£uaavzoc  nazpbc* 
Kayd)  ^TzaKouaac  zoJjza  zt]v  KopcvOcav 
dazpocg  zb  Xocnbv  £Kp.£zpo6p£voc  ;f^6va 
^(j)£uyov,  Ivda  p-^noz*  bi/joipjjv  KaKOJv 
Xpfjofjujjv  bv£idrj  zcbv  k/xojv  z£Xou/i£va. 
<jz£iX(ov  (5'  cKvoujjiac  zo6ad£  zobg  ycbpooq,  iv  61c 


274  APPENDIX 


au  Tov  xupavvov  roOrov  oXXuadai  Xkyetc. 
Ka'i  aoc,  yuvac,  rdXTjdkc  e$epd>.     rpinXfjc 
bz'  ^v  KsXeudou  zfjod'  bdocnopcbv  neXac, 
hraudd  jaoc  Kfjpu^  re  Kanl  najXiKfjc 
dvrjp  dnrjVTjc  i///?£/?ct>f ,  dlov  ob  (f>rjc, 
^ovT}VTcaC,ov'     Kd^  bdou  p.^  o  d'  rjyepcjv 
auzoc  d'  b  Ttpkoj^uc  Ttpoc  ^iCLV  rjXauvkzrjv, 
Kdyd)  zbv  eKzpknovza,  zbv  zpoxifjXdz7)v, 
7ZCU0J  dc'  bpyfjc'     Koc  p*  b  Ttpko^uc  ibg  bpq 
o/ouc  napaazeexovza  zTjprjoac  pkaov 
Kdpa  dcTzXocg  Kkvzpocac  poo  KadUezo. 
00  pjjv  'coTjv  y'  ezcoev,  dXXd  oovzbvcoc 
oKrjnzpq)  zoKelg  £K  zfjads  x^^P^C  onzcoc 
pkoTjc  dnrjVTjc  eoObc  eKKoXhSezar 
Kzsho)  dk  zobc  ^opnavzac.     ££  dk  zip  $kvq) 
zoozcp  npoarjKEi  Aouoo  zc  aoyyevkCf 
zee  kxdpodaxpojv  pdXXov  dv  ykvoiz^  dvrjp ; 
zee  zoode  zdvdpbc  kaz*  er*   ddXabzepog ; 
ov  pij  ^kvojv  e^eozc  p-qd^  dazcbv  zcvl 
dbpocg  dkx^adaCj  pr)dk  npoacfxovelv  zevd, 
(i)deiv  d'  dTt'  o'cKOjv.     Kot  zdd'  obzcc  dXXoc  tjv 
ri   'yo)  'n'  kponzq)  zdad^  dpag  b  npoazcdecc- 

pij  dfjza,  prj  dfjz\  w  Oeibv  dyvbv  ok^ac, 
'cdoepe  za/jzfjv  rjpkpav,  dXX'  sk  ^pozojv 
pouTjv  d(j)avzoc  npoodev  j)  zoidvd'  cdelv 
K7)X2d'  epaozip  aop(j)opdc  d^cypkvrjv, 

—  Sophocles,  Oed.  Tyr.  774-833. 


APPENDIX  275 


Page  170 

IjkXnet  d^  kv  dkvdpeac  Xemav 
dr}dd)v  dpfiovcav 
bpdpeuojikva  ybocc 
^Iwv  "Itov  7:oX6dpy}vov. 

—  Euripides,  Fragment  775. 

Page  170 

e:  dk  Kupe}  zcg  nkXag  ocojvotzoXojv 
eyyacoCj  oIktov  ocKzpbv  duojv 
do^doec  zee  OLKOusiv  ona  rdc  Trjpseac 
fiTjTcdoc  ocKzpdc  dXa^ou 
KcpKf)XdTou  t'  drjdovoc' 
dz^  dnb  yibpcxjv  Tzozafuov  t'  eipyojakva 
Ttevdec  vkocKzov  dczov  rjdkwv, 
^uvzedjjGi  dk  nacdbc  fxbpov,  (bg  auzo(j)bvaJC 
ojXezo  npbc  X^^P^C  edsv, 
duap.dzopoc  Kbzou  zu/cbv. 

—  Aeschylus,  Supplices,  56-65. 

Page  171 

dXX'  kfik  y^  a  ozovbeaa'  dpapev  (j)pkvaCj 
d  "Izuv,  alkv  "Izuv  bXo(j)6pezac, 
bpvcc  dzul^ofxkva,  Jibe  dyyeXog, 

—  Sophocles,  Electra,  147-149. 

Page  171 

dye,  Guvvopk  hoc,  nanoac  fikv  onvou, 
XuGOv  dk  vbfioog  hpcbv  u/xvojv, 
ouc  did  decou  ozofiazoc  dpr]veec 
zbv  kfxbv  KOi  abv  noXudaKpov  "Izuv 


276  APPENDIX 


Kadapa  x^P^^^  ^^^  (pukXoKOfiOtj 
apiiXaKOC  "qx^  Tzpbg  dcbc  edpac, 
*iv^  b  xp'Jf^oKojj.ac  Odl^og  dKoucJV 
role  Golg  kXkyocc  dvraljdXXojv 
kXe^avTodezov  (pop/juyya  deojv 
'ioTTjai  x^pouc'     did  d'  ddavdrojv 
oro/xdrcov  x^P^~^  ^uptcfxovoc  bjioO 
deca  naKapojv  oXoXuyrj. 

—  Aristophanes,  Omithes,  209-222. 

ifjfioc  d^  oufXrjsvza  7:epcaxpk(j)ex^  oopavbv  darpa 
navTode  fiapjiaipovza,  nbvou  d'  kniX-qdeTOc  dv-qp, 
drj  tot'  ^Ad-f]vacT)  {xaKdpiov  edog  alnb  Xmouoa 
riXude  TzapdevcKfj  dnaXbxpdc  navz'  ecKuca 
kc  VTJac  Koc  Xabv     dpT}C(j)cXou  d'  dp'  'Ettscou 
eazT)  unlp  Ke^aXfjc  kv  bvdpdt,  Kac  juav  dvcoyst 
zeO^ou  doupcov  "imtov'     £(j)q  dk  oc  kfKovkovzc 
auzTj  GOfKafuecv,  auzr)  d'  d(f)ap  dyxodi  pfjvac 
Ipyov  ec  bzpuvouoa'     Oefjc  d'  bye  jnudov  dKouaag 
Kayx<^^o(ov  dvd  Oofibv  aK^dkog  'iKdopev  unvow 
eyvoj  d'  dddvazov  Oebv  d/xj^pozov      oudk  ol  qzop 
dXXo  Tzape^  copiiacvs,  vbov  d'  e;^£y  ackv  stt'  'ipycp 
deoTTeoiq)'     Tzcvuzrj  dk  nepl  <j)pkvac  tjcs  zhx^f}. 

'Hd)c  d'  bnnbd'  'eKavsv  dTrcoaapLkvr)  Kvk<j)ac  ^b 
££C  '^p^^oc,  x^P^^q  ^^  ^^'  q^poc  ?^^^  a'iyXT), 
dij  zbzs  de'cov  bvecpov  kv  'Apyecococv  'Enecbc, 
(be  'idev,  d>c  rjKOoaeVy  keXdofikvocaiv  hcnev 
ol  dk  ol  e'iaouovzec  dnecpkoiov  Ksxdpovzo. 

—  Q.  Smyrnaeus,  xii.  104-121. 


APPENDIX  277 


Page  177 

XO.     dpkofxou  (j)0^epa  fxeydX^  dxr)- 
imdeiTac  arpardc  axpaxoTzedov  Xcncbv 
pel  TzoXbg  bde  h(i)c  npodpopLOc  Innoxac' 
aide  pea  Kovig  {J£  nsWec  <j>a)je1a\ 
dvaudoc  (Ta(j)Tjc  'irupLoc  djyeXoc. 
Izc  dl  ydc  ip.dc  Ttedi'  onXoKzun'  woe  ;f|0i//7rT£^  podv 
Ttozdrai,  ^pkpsi  d'  dpaxezou  dcKav  udaxog  bpoxunou. 
CO)  id),  deol  d$a£  z\  opopevov  nandv  dXeuoare' 

^oq  bnlp  Ticxkcov 
b  XeuKaancg  bpvuzac  Xabg  eurpenrjc  knl  nbXcv 

decoKOJV  nod  a. 
TiC  dpa  ^uaerou,  xcg  dp^  knapKkaec  Oecdv  rj  dedv ; 

Tzpodihoecc,  TzaXoLcxOcov  "Aprjc,  tolv  xedv  ydv ; 
(b  xP^f^onrjXj)^  dacpov,  'ined^  'imde  nbXcv 
zedv,  dv  nor'  eucpiXrjrav  Woo. 
dsoc  TtoXcdoxoc  [x^ovbc^  ?t'  'he  ndvrec  w, 
'ideze  napdkvojv  cKkacov  Xb^ov  douXoauvac  onkp. 

Kupa  [ydp^  Tzepl  nzbXcv 
doxpoXo^dv  dvdpojv  KaxXd^ec  nvooLtc  "Apeoc  bpbpsvov, 
dXX\  d)  Zeu  Ttdzep  navzeXkc, 
Ttdvzioc  dpjjiov  dcuojv  dXcooiv. . 
^Apjk'ioc  dl  nbXcopa  Kddpou 
KUKXouvzac     4*b^og  d'  dpecwv  oTiXtov 
dcddezoc  ze  di)  jkvoog  Inncac 
Kivupovzac  <j>bvov  ;^aA^vo^. 
knzd  d'  dydvopEC  npeTconzBg  azpazou 
dopuaaolg  odyacg  nuXatc  kj^dbpouc 
npoaiazavzac  naXq)  Xaxbvzec 

—  Aeschylus,  The  Seven  against  Thebes,  78-119. 


278  APPENDIX 


Page  I7Q 

XO.     d)    ndrpac    Orj^rjc    *evocKoc,    Xe6oo£x\  OcdcTzoug 

Ms, 
oc  Ta  KXeh^  (uviyiiar^  ^dee  na}  Kpdrcoxog  9jv  dvi^p, 
bozic  ou  ^rjXcp  noXcTcbv  rfjc  zuxfjC  hnk^Xenev, 
elc  ooov  KXudojva  deivfjc  oufX(l)opdc  kXrjXudev. 
ware  dvrjTov  bvr'  kKscvrjv  -crjV  reXeuzaiav  XP^^^ 
ijfikpav  kncaKonouvxa  /xTjdkv'  bX^'cl^ecv,  izplv  av 
xkpiia  TOO  ^cou  nepdojj  pLjjdkv  dXyecvov  naOcbv. 

—  Sophocles,  Oed.  Tyr.  1 523-1 530. 

Page  180 
J)  SepkXag  TpO(f)o}  Sfj- 
pac  oT£(l>avouode  Kcao<^' 
Ppuexe  ppuere  xXorjpei 
ajuiXaKi  KaXXcKdpKcp, 
Koc  Kara^aKXiouode  Spudc 
§  kXdzac  KXddocaCj 
OTCKTUjv  t'  kvdurd  ve^pcdcov 
aTk<j)ET£  XeuKOTp'cxiov  7tXoKdp.a)V 
ptaXXolg'  dpi(f)c  dk  vdpdrjKac  u^pc- 
azdc  bacouad\     odriKa  yd  ndaa  xopeoaec, 
Bpoficoc  suz'  otv  dyj)  didaouc 
£iC  opoc  ££C  opoc,  evda  pkvee 
djjXwjrevTjc  oxXoc 
d(j)'  lozibv  Tiapd  KepKcdcov  t' 
ohzpjjdslc  Aiovdaco. 


Tjduc  £V  oupeocv  hg  av 

Ik  didacov  dpofiaiojv 

nkaj)  TzedboB,  ve^pcdoc  sx^ov 


APPENDIX  279 


hpdv  hduToVy  djpe6iov 

ai/xa  xpayoKxbvoVf  (opLocfyd'jfov  x^P^^f 

Ikfisvoc  eic  opea  Opuyca,  Aodca. 

6  d'  'i^apxoc  BpofiioCf  eudc, 

pel  dl  ydXaKTc  nkdov,  pel  d'  o'livq),  ^e'c  dl  pjeXcaodv 

veKTapc,  lupcac  d'  wc  Xc^dvou  kokvoc. 

6  paKxebg  d'  'ixoj^ 

nupacodj)  ^Xbya  nedKac 

£K  vdpdrjKoc  dcaaec 

dpdpxpj  x^pouc  epedi^cov  nXavdraCy 

laxcuc  t'  dvandXXajv, 

zpu(j)epdv  nXoKa/jiov  ecc  olOepa  ^cmcjv, 

dfia  d^  kn^  eodafiaacv  knc^pkpzc 

zocdd^'  lb  ere  pdKxcu, 

d)  'ere  j^dnxou, 

T/jwXou  xp^f^opoou  x^^^^t 

pkXnere  rbv  Jiovuaov 

^apuppopuov  UTzb  Tu/xTzdvcov, 

ebca  zbv  euiov  dyaXXbpjevcu  Oebv 

ev  Opoycacac  ^oa'eg  kvonaiac  re, 

Xojrbc  brav  euKeXaSoc  lepbc  lepa 

Ttaiyp-aTa  Ppkfij)  advoxa  (j>ocxdacv 

ecc  '6poc  elc  '6poc'     ■^dojakva  S'  dpa 

TzwXoc  bnioc  dfia  nax'epc  <f)Op^ddc 

kjujXov  dyee  xaxoT^oov  aKcpx-qiiaai  j^dKxa. 

—  Euripides,  Bacchae,  105-119,  135-169. 


XaXenbv 
6ed>v  Ttapazpeipcu  vbov 
dvdpeaocv  encxOovcocC' 


280  APPENDIX 


Kal  yap  dv  nXd^cmzog  Olvebg 

Tzauaev  KaXuKoaTe(j)dvou 

oepLi^dc  ;jf6^oy  'Aprk/jadoc  XeoKOjXkvoo 

Xcoabfjsvoc  noXewv 

t'  aiyibv  Ouocoioc  naxijp 

Kal  ^OibV   (j)0CVtK0Vii)TiOV. 

dXX^  dviKazov  Oed 

*iox£v  xoXov,  eupu^iav  d'  eaaeule]  Koupa 

KOKpov  dvcudondxav 

kc  KaXX^xopov  KaXudo)- 

v'*     *iv6a  TtXrjjuLupojv  aOkvst 

hpxooc  knkKtcpev  odovrc, 

a(j)d^k  T£  fifjXa,  ppoxibv 

6*  banc  e'ioavz^  dv  fibXot. 

T^  dl  oTujepdv  dfjpcv  ^EXXdvujv  dpcoTOt 

azaadfjLsd^  kvduKkojc 


1^  d/iaza  auv£xk(i)C     knd  dl  dacpxjjv 
Kdpzoc  AlzioXdcc  ope^ev, 
ddnzopsv  00 c  Kazkne^- 
V£V  auc  kpc^puxoLC  encuoaojv  /?iqf. 

Seazhu  Ko6pa  d(]U(j>pii)v 

fidzTjp   KaKOTtOZflOC  kfiol 

podXeuaev  bXeOpov  dzdp^aKZOC  fovd, 

Koik  ze  doidaXkac 

Ik  XdpvaKog  (oKu/xopov 

<f)izpdv  dfKXaijaaaa'  z6v  d-^ 

jnocp^  insKXajaev  zoze 

a^iodc  opov  dpiszkpac  *i/ip£V. 


APPENDIX  281 


jjuvuvda  dk  HOC  (Ifuxa  yXuKe'ca' 
fv(i)v  d*  bXcyoadevkcoVj 
cuar     Ttuixarov  dk  7ci>e(ov  SaKpuaa  TX[djJWv] 
dyXaav  H^^av  npok'cnojv, 

(paacv  ad^coi^bav 

^A}i<j)CTpuojvog  nacda  ptoOvov  drj  roze 

zky^ac  ^Xk(})apov,  zaXanevOkog       ^ 

TtbTpLOV    OCKxdpOVXa  (JXOTOC. 

Kae  vcv  dp.£i^6p.£Voc 

rdd^  l(j>a'  dvardlac  pij  <j>uvac  <t>kpea'C0Vf 

fxifjT*  dsXiou  Ttpoaidecv 

(j)kyxoc.     aXX^  ou  yap  xcg  kazcv 

Tcpd^cg  tads  pjtjpopkvocg, 

—  Bacchylides,  V,  94-116,  137-144, 1 51-163. 

Page  igj 
bfjko)v  d^  di  nep  laacv  dpiarrjec  Ilavaxaiojv, 
odd'  0?  7zpo(j)povk(oc  p£pLad'  ^EKXopo^  dvxiov  kXdecv.^* 
^Qc  vecKBaa'  b  ykpcuv,  ol  d*  kvvka  Tzdvzec  dvkazav, 
(Lpzo  noXb  Tcpojzoc  psv  dva^  dvdpcbv  'Ayaps/xvajv, 
T(p  d'  knl  Tude*cdi)c  ojpzo  Kpazepbc  Jco/jLTjdrjc, 
zo'coi  d'  en'  A'iavzec,  doupev  kncecpsvoc  dXKTjv, 
zo'cac  d'  en'  'Idoptsveuc  Kot  bndwv  'IdojuevfjoCy 
MT}pcbvr)c,  dzdXavzoc  'EvoaXcip  dvdp££(f>bvz7), 
zo'cac  d'  kn'  EupbnoXog,  Euacfiouoc  dyXabc  olbg^ 
dv  dl  6 bag  'Avdpaciiovcdrjg  Kot  d'coc  'OduoaeuC 
ndvzec  dp'  ol  y'  WeXov  noXepi^ecv  ''EKzopc  dcip. 
zo'cc  d'  ojbzcc  fJtezkecTrs  Fepi^vcoc  cnnbza  Nkazwp' 
^^KXrjpip  vuv  nerrdXaade  dca/anepkc,  ^C  f^  Xdxjjocv 
ouzoc  yap  d-^  bvrjasc  kuKvqficdag  *Axacouc, 
Kal  d'  auzbc  ov  dup.bv  bvrjaezac,  ac  K£  (j>uyjiac 


282  APPENDIX 


d7)£0(j  eK  noXkiioco  koI  ouvrjc  dTj'ioriJTOc." 

*'J2f  l(j)ad\  ol  dk  KXfjpov  karjpLTjvavvo  ^Kaazoc, 
kv  d'  IpaXov  Kuvkjj  'Aya/ikfivovoc  'AxpeWao, 
Xaol  d'  rjpTjoavTO,  Oedlac  dk  x^'^P^C  dvkaxov 
d>de  dk  Tcg  e'iTTeoKsv  cd(bv  ecg  oupavbv  edpdv 
^^  ZeO  Ttdzepj  tj  Alavxa  Xaxftv,  §  Tudkoc  olbvj 
§  ouzbv  ^aacXfja  noXoxpoooco  Muki/jvtjC'" 

**J2r  ap'  £(j)av,  TzdXXev  dk  FepTjvwc  cnnoxa  Nkarojp, 
U  d'  Wops  KXfjpoc  Kuvkrjc,  3y  ap*  r^OeXov  ouzo:, 
A'iavToc'  Kfjpu^  dk  (pkpwv  dv'  b/uXov  dTrdvrj) 
de~e$'  £vdk$ea  ndacv  dpsari^eamv  ^Axcuojv. 
ol  d'  ou  yiY^cooKovrec  dnrjvijvavTo  ^Kaaroc, 
dXX^  bre  dij  zdv  "cKave  (j>kp(t)v  dv'  h/uXov  aTravvT), 
be  fjuv  kncypdipac  Kuvkjj  pdXe,  ^aidcfioc  A'iac, 
^  Toe  UTtkaxede  x^'^p' f  ^  ^'  dp'  ^pt^aXev  dyx^  napaoxdc, 
yvo)  dk  KXi}poo  ofj/na  cdcov,  yrjOTjae  dk  dup/i), 
t6v  pkv  nap  nod'  kdv  x^tj^ddic  ^dXe  <j>d)VT}okv  re* 
*^  d)  <l)'cXoCj  ^  xoc  KXfjpog  ipoc,  X^P^  ^^  '^^^  aordc 
dupx^j  knel  doKeo)  vcnrjokpsv  ""EKzopa  dlov, 

—  Homer,  II.  vii.  159-192. 

Page  igs 

^'ApiCTOV  pkv  ddojp,  b  dk  XP^^^C  oidbpsvov  nop 

dve  dcanpknei  vukxI  p^ydvopog  2fo/a  nXoOxoo" 

el  d'  aedXa  yapoev 

IXdeac,  (f)iXov  Jjxop, 

prjKed'  dXioo  OKbnec 

dXXo  daXnvbxBpov  h  dpkpq  <j>a£vvbv  daxpov  kp-qpac  dc* 

aWkpoc' 
pT)d*  'OXopncac  dyibva  <j>kpxepov  adddaopsv 
bOev  b  noXu^axoc  bpvoc  dficpipdXXexae 


APPENDIX  283 


Kpbvoo  nacd\ 

—  Pindar,  Ol.  i.  i-io. 

Page  ig7 

XeoK(oXev£  KaXXcbna, 

ozdoov  eunocTjzov  apfia 

ojLtxoUj  dca  T£  Kpovcdav 

u/ivrjaov  'OXuptmov  (ipxaybv  Oedtv, 

Tov  r'  OLKafiavTOpbav 

^AX(j>£bv,  nkXonbg  ts  ^cav, 

Kol  n'caav,  Ivd^  b  KXeevvbg 

\no\aal  vcKaaag  dpbfjup 

[ad^]£v  0£p£ViKoc  kunupyoug  ^opaKoOa- 

oac,  ^IkpixJvc  <j>£pa)v 

\£ud\ainovcag  nkxaXov, 

—  Bacchylides,  v.  176-186. 

Page  197 

MaT£p  (I)  xp^(^oar£(j)dvo)v  dkdXcov  OuXop.ncaj 

dkanoii>'  dXad£iac'  tva  jj.dvTi£C  avdp£C 

kfmupocc    x£KfiacpbiJj£voc   napaTZ£cpcbvxcu   Acbg   dppK£' 

pajjvouj 
£*c  uv'  'ix££  Xbyov  dvOpconcov  nkpc 
fLaeofjikvwv  fi£YdXav 
dp£Tav  du/jup  Xa^fcv, 
Tibv  dk  fjibxOojv  djmvodv 

d.v£xac  dk  npbc  X^P'^  £6a£^cac  dvdpcbv  Xcraec* 
dXX^  (b  nhac  £ud£vdpov  kn*  'AX(j)£Cf>  dXaoCj 
rbvd£    tcajfiov    Kal    ox£(j>ava4>op£av    dk^cu.    pkya    roc 
KXkoc  akcj 


284  APPENDIX 


^Tcvc  GOV  jkpac  eoTtTjr'  dyXabv 
aXXa  d'  kit'  aXXov  l^av 
dyadcjv,  noXXal  d'  bdo} 
obv  Oeocg  ednpafcag, 

—  Pindar,  Ol.  viii.  1-14. 

Page  ig8 

Kol  tot'  ky£cvaxo  nacda  noXurponov,  at{iuXo}xj^TT)Vj 
Xrjiozfjp^  kXaxfjpa  ^owv,  Tjj-qTOp'  bvecpwv, 
voKToc  onojnifjTTJpa,  TiuXrjddKov,  be  Tcf;^'  e/xeXXev 
dfi(t>avkecv  rXutol  'ipya  /xez'  dOavdzocac  deolaev, 
7jq>oc  yeyovihc  fjkoo)  ^fiazi  eyKiddpi^sv, 
kankpioc  PoOc  KXei/fsv  skyj^oXou  'AnoXXcovoc, 
zezpddi  zfj  npozkpjj,  zfj  fjuv  zsks  nozvca  Mala, 
be  Ka}  knee  dr)  juTjzpdc  dn'  dOavdzojv  Oops  yuc(0Vj 

OOKkzC   df]pbv   £K££ZO   jjkviOV   kpi[)    eve    XcKVlOy 

dXX'  b  f'  dvou^ac  CV'^^^  ^^^C  ^ AnbXXujvog j 
oudbv  unep^aivajv  dijfTjpe^koc  dvzpoeo. 

—  Homer,  Hymn  to  Hermes,  13-23. 

Page  200 
(t)  UeXonoc  d  npbaOev 

TZoXunOVOC    (TTTtSia, 

a>c  'iptoXec  oua^rj 

zqde  yq. 

£uz£  yap  b  novzcadelc 

MupZcXoC   £K0i/idd7), 

nayxpoaojv  £K  de^pcjv 
duazdvoic"  aUiOic 
npbppi^oc  £Kpi(f)d£}c, 
oIj  zc  no) 


APPENDIX  285 


noXunovoc  ouKca, 

—  Sophocles,  Electra,  504-515. 

Page  201 

npQC  eudvdspLOV  d*  bre  (f)uav 
XdxycLc  viv  fskXav  ykvecov  epe^ov, 
hoifiov  ave^povuaev  ydfiov 

ncadza  napa  narpoc  eudo$ov  ^ Innoddp-ecav 

axMjuev.    dyx^  ^'  '^Xd(j)V  noXcdc  dXdc  dloc  iv  bp(f>vq 

anuev  ^apuKXUTzoD 

Eoxpcacvav  b  d^  adzqt 

nap  nodi  ax^dov  (jidvi). 

T(^  pkv  BCTze'  ' '  (Pikia  dcbpa  Kimpcag  ay'  e?  xc,  Iloaeidaov, 

If  Xdpcv 
"  rkXXerac,  mdaaov  eyxoc  Ohojidou  xdXKSov, 
**£/!£  d'  knl  raxuzdrajv  nbpeoaov  dpixdzajv 
^^  kg  "Ahv,  Kpdzec  dk  TzhXaoov. 
^^  knel  Tpelc  t£  Kal  Ssk'  dvSpac  bXkaacc 
^*  kpajvrac  dva^dXXszac  yd/xov 
'^  duyarpbc* 

wc  'ivvsnev  odd^  dKpdvrocc  k<j)dil}ax^  (Lv  Imac.  xbv  fih 

dydXXojv  debf 
WcjKev   dccfypov    ze    ;f|0jJa£0v    nrepolah    r^    aKdjaavrac 

"cnnoug. 
IXev  d^  Ohofidou  ^cav  napdkvov  re  advsuvov' 

—  Pindar,  Ol.  i.  67-88. 


286  APPENDIX 


Page  203 

'AXkcvooc  dk  tot'  ^PX^}  ^^^^  a^o  fXTjdea  eeddjc' 

TOO  fikv  'i^T}  Tzpbc  daj/xa  Oea  yXauKcbnc^  'AOi/jvt), 

vboTov  'Oduoafji  fiefaX-qTopc  firjTcdcoaa. 

^7j  d'  'ifiev  ic  6dXa/iov  noXudcudaXov,  w  Ivc  Koopr) 

KOifxdT'  ddavoLTTjai  cpuijv  koc  eldog  bfxocT), 

NduacKaa,  duyaTrjp  fiEyaXrjTOpoc  'AkKivboiO, 

nap  dk  du'  dix<j>c7:oXoc,  Xap'cTOJv  dno  KaXXoc  'ixouaac, 

oTad/ioTiv  kKaTcpde'  dupac  d'  knkmcvTO  (fxieivoi. 

fj  d'  dvkjiou  (he  nvoci]  knkaauTO  dkfxv£a  KoupTjCi 

OTTJ  d'  dp'  unkp  Ke<j)aXTJc,  Kac  /uv  Ttpbg  fxodov  hcnev, 

'*  NauacKda,  t'c  vu  a'  (Lde  jiedi^pLOva  yuvaTO  fii^TTjp; 
etnaTa  pkv  toc  ks'ctou  dKTjdka  aeyaXbevTa, 
ao(  de  ydfioc  a^^dbv  koTiv,  *iva  XP'O  f^f^^d  fjkv  auTijv 
evvuadacj  rd  dl  Toiac  napaax^ly  oi  Kk  a'  dfiovTOc, 
£K  yap  TOC  TouTcov  <f)dT£c  dvdpibnoog  dva^ahee 
kadXi],  ;fai|00j>(7^v  dl  naTi)p  Kal  nbTVca  fx-fjTTjp. 
dXX'  'io/jLEV  nXovkooaac  dfi'  7jo2  (f)aivo/jLkv7)<f>r 
KOC  TOC  kfoj  ouvkpcdoc  djj.'  £((fOfiac,  b(j)pa  TaxcoTa 
kvTuveac,  knee  o3  toc  stc  dijv  napdkvoc  'iooeac' 
rjdif)  ydp  as  hvcovtoc  dpcoTfjec  'f^'^a  dfj/iov 
ndvTOJV  0ac-qK(i)v,  ode  toc  ykvog  koTC  koc  auTjj. 
dXX'  ay'  knbTpuvov  naTspa  KXuTbv  7jd>dc  npb 
T^ficbvoug  Kac  a/xa^av  k(f)onXcaac,  rj  ksv  dyrjoc 
^(jjoTpd  T£  Kac  nknXouc  Kal  prjysa  ocyaXbevTa. 
Kac  dk  aol  wd'  auTfj  noXb  KdXXcov  ijk  nbdeaacv 
'ipXeodac     noXXbv  yap  dnb  nXuvoc  ecac  nbX-r}OC." 

^H  iJjkv  dp'  wc  ecnoOa'  dnk^T)  yXauKwncc  'AdrjVTj 
OuXuptnbvd',  bdc  <f)aac  dea)V  edoc  dacfyaXkc  acel 
ejufievac'  oIjt'  dvk^ocac  TcvdaosToe  oJjts  noT'  bpt^pu) 


APPENDIX  287 


dederac  oljre  x^<^^  kncncXvaTac,  dXXa  fidX'  aWpr) 
Tzkmazac  dvkcjyeXoc,  huKr^  d^  eTzcdedpopLSV  dcyX-q' 
rq)  eve  xkpnovxac  fxaKapec  deol  rjiiaza  Tzdvza. 
Ivd^  dnkpT)  yXauKcbncc,  knel  dcenkcjypade  Koupjj, 

AoTCKa  (?'  ^Hojc  fjXdev  koOpovog,  ^  fxcv  'iyeepe 
NaoacKaav  eunenXoV  dcftap  d'  aTtedaujiaa'  oveepoVj 
pfj  d'  'ifievou  dcd  dcop-ad' ,  ?y'  dyj-siXece  xoKeooCj 
Ttaxpl  <j)eXix)  Kot  p-TiTpc'     KiXTjoazo  d'  Ivdov  kovxag' 
7)  pkv  en^  io^dpTj  fjoro  guv  dp.(f)mbXocac  yuvac^cVj 
■qXaKaxa  ozpoj^iba^  dXcnopcpupa'     rep  dk  dopa^e 
kpxopkvip  ^upLpXrjTO  pszd  KXeczobg  paacXfjag 
If  l^ouXrjV,  ^cva  p.cv  KdXeov  QcurjKec  dyauoc. 
ij  dk  pdX'  dfx^  azdaa  (j)cXov  nazkpa  Ttpoakeene' 

*'  Ildnna  <p£X\  ouk  dv  d-q  fxoc  kcfyonXcaoecac  dnrjvrjv 
u(lf7jXr)v  sBkukXov,  'iva  KXuzd  ecpiaz'  dycojuae 
kc  nozafxbv  nXuvkouaa,  zd  ptoi  pepimcopkva  Kelrae ; 
Kal  dk  Gol  adz(p  socks  pszd  npojzococv  kbvza 
pooXdc  pooXsuscv  Kadapd  xpoc  stpaz^  exovza. 
nsvzs  dk  zoc  (j>cXoc  ohc  kvl  pLsydpocc  xsydaocVj 
ol  du*  oKOiovzsc,  zpslc  d^  ifcOsoc  OaXkdovzsg' 
ol  d^  alsl  kdsXouac  vsbnXoza  scpaz^  sxovzsg 
kc  X^P^^  spx^odac'    zd  d^  kpji  (ppsvl  ndvza  pkp-qXsv.^ 

^Qc  £<j>az^'    a'idszo  yap  OaXspbv  ydpov  k^ovopfjvae 
nazpl  <j)iX(p'  b  dk  Ttdvza  vbsc  Kal  dpsi^szo  p66cp' 

'*Ouzs  zoc  Tjpcbvcjv  <j)6ovka),  zkKOC,  oIjzs  zsu  dXXou. 
IpX^^'     dzdp  zoc  dpwsc  s<f>07tXcoaooocv  dn-QV-qv 
u(f>T)X-^v  sokokXov,  unspzepcjj  dpapucav.^^ 

'^Qc  £i7^(i>v  dpxbsoacv  kKSKXszo,  zoc  d'  kncOovzo. 
ol  pkv  dp^  sKzbc  djia^av  kuzpoxov  rjpcovscrjv 
wnXsov,  Tjfxcbvouc  6'  unayov  ^su$dv  6^  un^  dTrrjVj)' 
Koupjj  d^  kK  daXdpoco  ^kpsv  kaOfjza  (pascvrjv. 


288  APPENDIX 


Kai  TTjv  pLsv  KarkdjjKsv  eu^kazqj  etz'  drn^vj), 
fiTjTTjp  d'  kv  KioTT)  kxcdec  pLSVoscKk'  idojdijV 
7cavTO£7)v,  £v  3^  oipa  Tidec,  ev  d'  dlvov  'i^soev 
doKO)  kv  alyecq)'  Koupj)  d'  eTrsjST^aer'  drr-^vrjC' 
dojKev  dk  XP^^^Ii  ^^  ^fjKudq)  uypbv  'iXacov, 
^Of  ;jfyT^oi(7a^To  auv  dii(j)in6Xocac  yuvac^cv, 
7)  d'  eXa^ev  judaxiya  Kot  T}v'ca  ocyaXUvxa, 
fidarc^ev  3'  kXdav  Kavaxrj  d'  y)v  rjfubvociv' 
at  d^  dfioTov  xavuovTo,  <j)kpov  d^  iadfJTa  Kal  oiiTrjVj 
OUK  oirjv,  apta  ttj  ye  koi  dji(j)C7toXoc  k'cov  aXXac. 

At  d'  ore  drj  nora/xo'eo  pbov  neptKaXXV  'tKovro, 
%vd^  ^  rot  nXuvot  ^aav  kTrrjeravot,  noXb  d'  udcop 
KaXbv  uneKKpopket  ptdXa  nep  pimbcovxa  KaOfjpatj 
end'  at  y'  Tjjutbvouc  P-lv  uneKnpokXuaav  dnrjVTjc. 
Kal  rac  p-lv  oeuav  Trorajibv  ndpa  dtv-qevra 
zpcoyetv  aYpioartv  fisXtrjdka'     rat  d'  dn'  dnrjVTjc 
eifiara  x^P^^^  eXovTO  Kot  ia^bpeov  pkXav  udojp, 
Gzel^ov  d'  h  pbdpotot  docbg  eptda  npocfykpouaat. 
ODxdp  knet  nXuvdv  re  Kddrjpdv  ze  puna  ndvza, 
k^£t7)c  nkzaaav  napd  6iv'  dXbc,  ^X^  fidXtaza 
Xd'tYfag  nozl  x^P^^ov  dTzonXuveoKe  OdXaaaa. 
a}  dk  Xoeaadpisvat  Kat  /|0^cTcf//£va^  Xtn'  eXatq) 
detnvov  enetd'  eiXovzo  nap^  bxdjjcrtv  TrozapLOto, 
iepLaza  d'  -qeXtoco  pkvov  zeparjjuevat  auyfj, 
auzdp  ens}  atzou  zdp(f>d£v  d/juodt  ze  Kat  abzi), 
a^atpjj  zai  y^  ap^  'inat^ov,  dnb  Kp-qdefxva  j^aXouaat' 
zfjat  dk  NauatKaa  XeuKwXevoc  rjpxs'^o  noXnfjg. 
dirj  d'  "ApzefjLtc  ^^^^^  /f«'r'  oupsoc  tox^atpa, 
Tj  Kazd  T-quyezov  TreptptTjKezov  r)   'Epu/xavdov 
zepnopkvr)  ndnpotat  Kal  (OKsijjC  kXd^oiat' 
zfj  dk  6'  dfia  vufi<j>ai,  KoOpat  Jtbc  atytbxoto. 


APPENDIX  289 


dypovofioi  nac^ouoc     jky-qOe  dk  re  <j)pkva  Aif)T(6' 
naodcov  d'  unlp  t)  ye  Kap-q  e/s^  i^dk  jaezajTza, 
pfcd  t'  dpcyvcoTT)  nkhrai,  KaXal  dk  t€  ndaac' 
wg  Tj  y^  d{i<j>c7:bXococ  jie-cknpene  napdkvog  ddfxi/jc. 

'AkX'  ore  dij  dp'  'ijj.eXXe  ndXcv  olnovde  veeaOac 
^eu^ao'  Tmibvouc  nru^aad  re  ecp.ara  KaXd, 
evd'  ox)r'  dW  evofjoe  Bed  yXoLU/oLmc  'Adrjvrj, 
wc  'Oduaeuc  eypocro,  'Idoc  r'  euojncda  Kouprjv, 
rj  oi  (PairjKOJV  dvdpcbv  nbXcv  T}jT}aacro. 
o(j)atpav  enecr'  Ippcij^e  p.er'  d/j.(f>£7toXov  ^aacXeta' 
d/jL^iTtoXoo  jiev  dfiapre,  ^adeijj  d'  ep-^aXe  divj), 
a}  d'  knc  paKpbv  d'uaav,     b  d'  eypero  d~ioc  'Oduaaeuc, 
k^bpevoc  d'  &ppa£ve  Kara  <j>peva  Kal  Kara  dopbv 

*'"Q  poc  kfd),  rkcov  ojLtre  j^porojv  If  'j^a'eav  iKavoj ; 
^  p'  dc  y'  uppcarac  re  Kal  dypcoc  oude  dUacoe, 
fje  ^cXb^ecvoc,  Kac  a<p£v  vbof  earl  Oeoudi^c ) 
&C  re  pje  Koupdiov  dp(f)r)Xude  OfjXug  durifj, 
vop'^diov,  ai  exoua'  bpkojv  acnecvd  Kdp7)va 
Kal  nrj-jrdc  norapwv  Kal  ncaea  nocrjevra. 
f)  v6  noo  dvdpojTZijJv  elpl  ox^^bv  addrjevrcov ; 
dXX'  dx\  eyajv  aurbc  necpriaopac  ijde  'cdojpac.*^ 

"^Qg  elnojv  ddpvcjv  uneduoero  dloc  'Oduaaeuc, 

opepdaXkoc  d'  anrfjoc  (j>dvq  KeKaKcopivof  dXpj), 
rp'eooav  3'  dXXudcg  aXXi)  en'  ijcbvac  npouxouaac' 
o*crj  d'  'AXKcvboo  duydrirjp  pkve'     rfj  yap  'AdrjVJ} 
ddpaoc  evl  (ppeal  drjKe  Kal  eK  deoc  e^cXero  yucojv. 
arfj  d'  dvra  oxopkvT)'     b  de  pepp-qpc^ev  'Oduaaedc, 
5  youvwv  Xioaotro  Xa^wv  euionida  Kouprjv, 
i}  aJjrwc  eneeaacv  dnoarodd  pjecXcx^ocac 
Xcaaotr\  el  dec^ece  nbXcv  Kal  eipara  SoiTj. 


290  APPENDIX 


a)C  OLpa  ol  (j)povkovTc  dodaaaro  Kspdcov  elvcu, 
Xcaoeodac  knkeoocv  dnooxada  fiecXcxiocac, 
jar)  ol  youva  Xa^bvxc  xoXihaaczo  <j)pkva  Ko6pi), 
ouziKa  [lecXixcov  koI  KepdaXkov  (j)dzo  /iuOov' 

^TouvoO/iou  as,  dvaaaa'    debg  v6  zcg  ij  j^pozoc  saa£ ; 
ec  fjkv  zee  Gebc  kaoc,  zol  oupavbv  eupbv  'ixouacv, 
'Apzk/iidi  o£  kyd)  ;-£,  Acbc  Koupj)  p.eydXocOj 
eldbc  "TS  jJ-kyedbc  'Z's  ^orjv  z^  aY/^(7Ta  eeoKO)' 
££  dk  zee  £<7<7^  ppozcbv,  zol  knc  x^ove  vai£zdouoe, 
zpcojxdKapec  pkv  aoi  ye  nazijp  koc  nbzvca  ii-qz'qpj 
zpcGfidKapeg  de  Kaoiyvrjzor     fxdXa  nob  o(j)coc  dufxbc 
ouev  ku(j)poouvQOiv  cacvezac  iiveKa  aelo, 
Xeuoabvzwv  zocbvde  ddXoc  /OjOoy  daoix^waav. 
Kfivog  d^  olt  Ttep}  Kfjpc  jxaKdpzazog  'i^oxov  dXXojv, 
be  K£  a'  kkdvoioc  ppcoag  dlKbvd'  dydyrjzou. 
ou  ydp  TZ(x)  zocouzov  kyd)  Wov  bcjiOaXfioiacv, 
ouz^  dvdp'  ouz£  yuvaiKa'     ok^ag  p.^  £X£c  £caopbu)vza, 

d>C  okf  ybvac,  dyaptai  z£  zkdrjnd  Z£  d££dcd  z'  acvcbc 
yobvojv  dilfaadar     /a-^£7rov  dk  pj£  nhdoc  hdv£e. 
X^^C^C  £££Koaz(p  (j>6yov  r)paze  divona  nbvzov' 
zb(j>pa  dk  pL*  ahi  Kup*  £<j>bp£C  Kpacnvai  z£  du£XXcu 
VTjGOu  an'  'Qyuyi7)c'     vbv  d'  £vddd£  Kdp^aX£  daipuojv, 
,'6(j)pa  zi  7Z0U  KOC  Z7jd£  nddii)  KaKbv     ou  ydp  occo 
Ttoi)a£aQ\  dXV  £zt  izoXXd  Q£o\  z£Xkouat  TzdpoiQ£v, 
dXXdj  dvaaa\  £lkacp£'     ol  ydp  KaKa  noXXd  poyrjoac 
If  npcbzrjv  eKbprjv,  zcbv  d'  dXXcov  o3  ziva  olda 
dvdpcbncov,  0?  zrjvd£  nbXtv  Kal  yaiav  £xouocv. 
dazu  dk  poc  d£~i^ov,  doc  dk  paKog  dpcficPaXkodac, 
£?  zc  Tzou  £cXupa  on£cp(x)v  £X£C  kyddd'  louaa. 
aol  dk  d£ol  zbaa  do~c£v  baa  (f)p£a}  ajjae  p£voivqCf 


APPENDIX  291 


dvdpa  re  Kal  ockov  koI  dpLO(j)poa6vT)v  bndaecav 
iadXi^V     ou  [ikv  yap  too  ye  Kpe'caaov  Kal  dpeioVj 
Tj  od^  b/io(j)povkovT£  voTjixaacv  oIkov  'ixt^zov 
dvrjp  Tjdk  yuv-q'     noXX^  dXyea  duaimvkeaac, 
XdppLaza  d'  eunevhjjas'    fidXcaxa  dk  z'  'inXuav  ojjzoL*' 

"H  ^a,  Kal  diKJycnbXocacv  kOnXoKdjiococ  KsXeuae' 
*'azfjzk  pLOc,  dii(j>inoXor    noos  (jyeuyeze  <j>(i)za  idouaai ; 
^  pLT)  7to6  zcva  duafj£vk(i)v  <j>dod^  eiifxevac  dvdpwv ; 
ouK  'iad'  ouzog  dvijp  dcepbg  ^pozbc  oudk  ykvTjzac, 
dc  K£v  0a£7jKOJV  dvdpojv  kc  yacav  "cKTjzae 
drjcozfjza  cjykpajv'     fidXa  yap  (j)cXoe  dOavdzocacv. 
oUkoptev  d'  dndveude  noXuKXuozcp  ev}  nbvzq), 
eaxot-To:,  oudk  zcg  dpLpLC  ^pozcbv  sTtifjuayezac  dXXoc* 
dXX^  bde  zee  duoz-qvog  dXwjievoc  hOdd^  hdvee, 
zbv  vov  XPV  Kopkecv    npbc  yap  Acbc  ^iotv  dnavzec 
$£2voc  z£  nzcoxoe  re,  dbocc  d'  bXcyr)  ze  ^eXt}  ze. 
dXXd  dbz\  d[X(j>CTZoXoc ,  $££vq)  ^pibocv  ze  nbaiv  t£, 
Xouoaze  z'  ev  nozapupj  od^  knl  oKknag  *iaz*  dv£p.oco.^^ 

a>c  (J-P^  T^  Kaz£X£(J£  x^P^'^  K£(j>aXri  ze  Kal  &iiocc. 
'i(^£T*  £7z£cz^  dndv£ud£  Kt(hv  knl  d'cva  daXdaarjc, 
KdXX£l  Kal  x^P^^^  aziX^ojV     6t)£7zo  dk  Kouprj. 
di^  pa  zbz^  dn(j)cnbXoeacv  kuTtXoKdfiococ  p.£ZT)6da' 

^'  KXOzk  fi£u,  d/x(f)£7zoXoi  X£UKd)X£voi,  b(j>pa  zi  Uticj. 
00  Ttdvzojv  dkKTjze  d£(x)Vj  o^i  *'OXofxzov  *ixooa£, 
0aiifjK£aa^  bd'  dv-qp  k7:c/xiay£zai  dvziOkocar 
npbad£V  [ikv  yap  d-q  [xoc  d£CK£X£og  dkaz^  £}vac, 
vov  dk  d£o1aiv  £0iK£,  zol  oopavbv  £dpbv  'ixooacv. 
a1  yap  kjiol  zoibod£  nbocg  KeKXfj/jkvoc  £'ir) 
kvddde  vacezdojv,  koH  ol  ddoc  auzbdc  piiiveiv. 


292  APPENDIX 


dXXd  dor',  djKJiinoXoi,  ^eevqj  ^pcbacv  ze  nbacv  T£." 
"^Qc  e<})ad\  (u  d'  dpa  z^c  fidXa  jAv  kXuov  ijd'  knc- 
dovzOj 
nap  d^  dp*  'OduaoTJ'c  'ideaav  ^pojacv  ze  nbacv  ze. 
^  zoc  b  Ticve  KOI  f^ade  noXozXac  d'coc  ^Oduaaeuc 
dpTzaXkajg'     dt)pbv  yap  idrjzuoc  fjsv  dnaazo^. 

Auzdp  NauacKaa  XeuKcbXevoc  dXX*  kvbrjaev' 
e'ijj.az'  dpa  nzu^aoa  zcdec  KaXrjc  in'  dnr)i^7)c, 
^eO^ev  d'  TjpLcbvouc  KpazepiovoxaCf  ^^  ^'  '^^^  ouzt). 
ojzpuvev  d'  'Oduafja,  Inoc  z'  e(j)az'  sk  t'  bvbfiaC^ev 

^^"Opaeo  drj  vuv,  ^ecve,  nbXivd'  'c}i£v,  o<j>pa  as  nkiKpo) 
Tcazpbc  epLou  npbg  dcbfia  d(U(j)povog,  IvOa  ok  (j^rjpte 
Tzdvzcov  Oac-f]KU)v  eidrjokjiev  oaaoc  dpcozoc. 
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KapTtaXcficoc  epx^oOac'     kyo)  d'  bdbv  rjYepLoveuoco. 
ojjzdp  enijv  nbXcoc  em^rjopiev  rjv  nkpc  nupjoc 

Tibv  dXeeiVCO  (f)rjfiiv  ddeoKea,  juif)  zee  bncoou) 
fjLCDpteuT)'     ptdXa  d'  dalv  U7:ep(t>caXoc  Kazd  dij/iov' 
Koi  vb  zee  ^^'  e'enjjoe  KaKwzepoc  dvze^oXrjaac' 
'^zec  d'  bde  NauaeKdq  enezae  KaXbc  "^^  f^T^^  "^^ 
^e'evog  ;  nou  dk  p.ev  edpe  ;  nbaec  vy  oe  'iaaezae  odztj. 
:5  zevd  nou  nXayx^^vza  Kopiiaaazo  ^c  dnb  utjoc 
dvdpwv  zi^XedanoJv,  knee  ou  zeveg  kfyudev  eeaeV 
^  zee  ol  £u$aj!ikvrj  noXudpTjzoc  Oebc  ^Xdsv 
oupavbdev  Kaza^dc,  e^ee  dk  [xev  ^jaaza  ndvza. 
pkXzspov,  d  KODZT]  Ttep  knoexojikvT)  nbaev  ebpev 
aXXodev'     ^  yap  zouode  y'  dzejid^ee  Kazd  dfjjaov 


APPENDIX  293 


0aiTjKac,  Toc  fiiv  nvcovzac  noXkec  re  Kal  eadXoe." 
0)^  kpkooacVf  £/xol  dk  k'  bvecdea  xabxa  ykvoixo, 

evda  Kade^ojievoc  (Jsivac  xpovov,  etc  o  kcv  tj/jsIc 
doTude  eXdcopLsv  koc  iKcbfj^Oa  dwfiaza  narpoc- 
aurdp  kn-qv  Tj/ikac  'khzrj  nort  diofiar'  d^lx^^f 
KOC  TOTS.  0a£rjKOJV  ifiev  if  noXiv  rjd'  kphodac 
dcofxara  narpbc  kfioO  p£YaXrii:opog  'AXkcvooco, 
peia  <5'  dpiyvajT^  kaxl  koc  dv  ndcg  riYTjaaixo 
vqncog.     00  pkv  yap  xc  kocKora  zocai  TeruKzac 
dcupLaza  0aiT)K(jjv,  oiloc  dofioc  ^AXkcvooco 
Tjpcooc.     dXX'  bnoz'  dv  o£  dbp-oc  KSKudcoac  Kal  auXjj, 
d)Ka  /xdXa  jasydpoco  disXdkptev,  b(j)p*  di>  ^ktjou 
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TjXdKaza  ozpojcjxha^  dXcnbp(j)upa,  6 anna  IdkaOac, 
Kcovc  K£KXi/x£vr)'     d/jupai  dk  ol  TJar'  oncaOev. 
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Xaipojv  KapnaXcpjuJC,  £c  Kal  /idXa  ZT}Xbd£V  kaaL 
[£i  Kkv  zoc  K£iV7)  y£  (j)iXa  (j)povkr)G'  kve  Oopup, 
kXKCopT)  zoc  £7Z£cza  <j)iXoog  z'  ldk£cv  Kal  cKkaOac 
oIkov  kuKZijJsvov  Kal  arjv  If  Tzazpcda  yalav.y' 

'^Qc  o,pa  (fxovi^aaa^  *cp.aG£v  iidozcyc  (j>a£cvf) 
7)/xcbvouc'     al  d'  coKa  Xcnov  nozafiolo  p££dpa. 
al  d^  £5  pkv  zpihx(ii'^,  ey  ^1  TzX!caoovzo  nbb£Gaiv, 
7)  dk  /xdX*  ■qvibx£0£v,  OTZOJC  dp.^  knocazo  n£C,ol 
dp(j>£7:oXoi  t'  'Odua£6c  z£'    vbu)  d'  k7tk^aXX£v  IpdadXfjV 

—  Homer,  Odyssey,  vi.  12-320. 


294  APPENDIX 


Page  220 

£K  p'  daapuvdou  /?df  avdpac  [ikxa  olvonoxfipag 
TjiU"     NaooiKaa  de  deojv  dno  KaXXog  exouaa 
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daufxa^ev  d'  'Oduofja  kv  b<j)daXiidcocv  bpcbaa, 
Kac  fiiv  (pcovTjaao'  'inea  Tizeposvza  npooTjuda' 

^'Xdcps,  ^elv',  "iva  Kac  noz'  kwv  kv  nazpcdc  yaHj) 
fxvqar)  epLsV,  bzc  fioc  npwzj)  ^wdypi'  6(f)kXX££C'" 

T-Qvd'  d7zaii£c^bp£V0C  npook^jj  noXufi-qzcg  'Oduaaeuc' 
'^  NauoiKda,  Ouyazep  ixeyaXiizopoc  ^AXkcvooco, 
OUZO)  wv  Zeuc  Oecf],  kpcydounoc  nbocc  ""Hprjc, 
dcKodk  z^  kXdk{j£vac  Kac  voozcfiov  ^/xap  cdkadac' 
zq)  K£V  zoc  Kal  kscOc  deep  &c  £UX£ZO(piJ.ifjv 
ousc  T^paza  ndvza'     ou  jdp  p'  e^cwaao,  Kouprj.*^ 

—  Homer,  Odyssey,  viii.  456-468. 


INDEX 


Academus,  precinct  of,  31; 
helps  the  Dioscuri,  32. 

Academy,  origin  of,  32. 

Achaea,  184. 

Achamae,  35. 

Acharnians,  90. 

Acrisius,  135. 

Acroceraunian  mountains, 
190  221. 

Acrocorinthus,  74,  99,  107, 
184;  capture  by  Aratus, 
102-105;    changes  in,  105. 

Acropolis,  73,  78,  88,  141; 
description  of,  1-19;  no 
crow  to  light  on,  2;  Grotto 
of  Aglauros,  2,  3;  capture 
by  Persians,  4;  besieged  by 
Turks,  6;  buildings  on,  14- 
18;  flowers  on,  14,  15; 
Museum  of,  16,  18;  view 
from,  17;  seen  from  Colo- 
nus,  25. 

Aeacus,  64,  65,  67,  68. 

Aegaleos,  35,  36. 

Aegeus,  death  of,  10,. 

Aegina,  25,  36,  89,  105; 
seen  from  Parthenon,  17; 
visit  to,  60-74;  origin  of 
name,  64-65;  pestilence  at, 
65;  conquest  by  Athens, 
69;  coins,  70;  temple  at, 
68,  72. 

Aeschylus,  extracts  from 
Eum.,  8-10,  161-162;  from 
Persians,  61-64,  82;    from 


Choeph.,  92, 127-129;  from 
Agam.,  107,  112,  113-115, 
115-125,  125-127;  130, 
131;  from  Prom.,  132; 
from  Suppl.,  170;  from 
Seven  against  Th.,  177-179; 
birthplace  of,  37;  inscrip- 
tion, 79. 

Aesop,  death  of,  146. 

Aglaurus,  (a)  wife  of  Cecrops, 
5;  (b)  daughter  of  Cecrops, 
grotto  of,  2,  3;  opens  chest 
of  Erichthonius,  2;  turned 
to  stone,  3;  self-devotion 
of,  3. 

Agamemnon,  107,  133,  148. 

Aithyia,  Rock,  91. 

Alaric,  87. 

Alcestis,  19. 

Alcmaeonidae,  build  Delphic 
Temple,  155. 

Alcman,  extract  from,  98. 

Alexander  the  Great,  175. 

Alpheios,  river,  189,  190. 

Altis,  at  Olympia,  191. 

Amphictyonic  Council,  Sa- 
cred War  by,  145;  builds 
temple,  155. 

Amphissa,  outrage  of  sacred 
plain,  145. 

Anakeion,  3, 

Andritsos,  Odysseus,  walls  in 
the  Clepsydra,  6. 

Andromache,  191o 

Andromedes,  68. 


296 


INDEX 


Anthemocritus,  death  of,  90. 
Anthology,  extracts,  101, 135, 

147;  Delphic  oracle,  99. 
Antigonus,  102. 
Antirrhium,     Golden     Gate, 

183. 
Aphaea,  temple  of,  at  Aegina, 

67,  68. 
Aphrodite,  sanctuary  of,  6, 

58. 
Apollo,    Grotto   of,    6,    141; 

Temple   at   Corinth,    100; 

i'oumey  to  Delphi,  141; 
lymns  to,  at  Delphi,  148; 
temples,  152,  154,  163; 
Homeric  hymn  to,  156- 
160;  statue,  at  Olympia, 
202. 

ApoUodoms,  67,  94;  extracts, 
109,  185,  186. 

Arachova,  166. 

Aracynthus,  185. 

Aratus,  captures  the  Acroco- 
rinthus,  102-104. 

Arcadia,  191. 

Archidamus,  36. 

Areopagus,  7;  fn.  32. 

Arethusa,  189,  190. 

Argolid,  132-140. 

Argolis,  73,  98,  110. 

Argos,  111,  132, 135, 137, 138. 

Ariadne,  11. 

Aristophanes,  35,  90,  174; 
extracts  from  Clouds,  25, 
26;  from  Frogs,  38,  39; 
extract  from  Birds,  171; 
fn.  19,  32. 

Aristides,  37. 

Artemis,  Brauronia,  14;  Dic- 
tynna,  68. 

Asclepios,  precinct  of,  18,  19, 

Atalanta,  185. 

Athamas,  94,  95. 

Athene,  Temple  of,  1;  forti- 
fies Acropolis,  2;  sacred 
olive  of,  4;  sanctifies  Areo- 


pagus, 7;  appeases  Furies, 
8;  Promachos,  statue  of, 
15. 

Athens,  73,  85,  90,  111,  129, 
176,  195;  varied  impres- 
sions of,  20;  return  to,  54; 
conquest  of  Aegina,  69; 
treasure  house  at  Delphi, 
148. 

Atreus,  Treasury  of.  111. 

Attalus,  18. 

Attica,  35,  36,  60,  91,  182. 

Bacchylides,    extracts,    186- 

188   197. 
Boeotia,  141,  169,  173,  176. 
BotticeUi,  17. 
Byron,  184. 

Cadmus,  94,  95, 

Callichorus,  well  of,  53, 

Calydon,  hunt  at,  185. 

Caryatides,  porch  of,  16. 

Cassandra,  115. 

Cassotis,  spring,  155,  164. 

Castalia,  spring  of,  146. 

Cecrops,  2. 

Ceos,  79. 

Cephisus,  31,  32,  58. 

Cephallenia,  189. 

Ceramicus,  The,  walk 
through,  21;  Demosthenes 
at,  175. 

Cervantes,  at  Lepanto,  184. 

Chaeronea,  176;  battle  of, 
75,  145,  175;  journey  to, 
172;  birthplace  of  Plu- 
tarch, 174;  Lion  of,  174. 

Chapel  of  the  Apostles,  6. 

Charinus,  90. 

Cicero,  37,  162. 

Cirrha,  visit  to,  144. 

Cithaeron,  73,  100,  141,  180. 

Cladeos,  189. 

Cleonae,  109, 

Clepsydra,  6, 


INDEX 


297 


Colocythu,  31. 

Colonus,  walk  to,  20;    sung 

by  poets,  27-31. 
Constantine,  149. 
Constantinople,  149. 
Copaic  Lake,  173. 
Corcyra,  202;  visit,  203. 
Corinth,  21,  96,  107,  109,  141, 

142,  183,  184;   visit  to,  89- 

106;  modern,  100;  Gulf  of, 

98,  101,  142,  144,  166,  183, 

185. 
Coroebus,     Olympic    victor, 

196. 
Corycian  Nymphs,  165. 
Crete,  10,  68. 
Creusa,  152. 
Crisa,  destruction  of,  144-145; 

Bay  of,  158. 
Croesus,  133,  162. 
Cronos,  Hill  of,  191. 
Cryso,  145 
Cyllene,  100,  144, 
Cynaegiros,  86. 
Cynosura,    at     Salamis,    74; 

at  Marathon,  80. 

Danae,  135. 

Danaides,  170. 

Daphne,  pass  of,  6,  25,  54; 
description  of,  57,  58. 

Daulia,  91;  visit  to,  170-172. 

Delphi,  144,  145,  165,  166, 
191,  195;  Oracle  of,  99; 
visit  to,  141-164;  centre  of 
the  world,  154;  first  priest- 
ess, 162. 

Demeter,  Homeric  Hymn, 
40-53. 

Demosthenes,  funeral  ora- 
tion, 175;  extract  from, 
175-176. 

Deucalion,  93. 

Diacria,  78. 

Dionysus,  177;  theatre  of, 
18,  19,  25;  infant,  94,  198; 


on  Parnassus,  165;  birth- 
place of,  179. 

Dioscuri,  Temple  of,  1,  fn.  3; 
coming  to  Athens,  32o 

Dipylon,  20,  59. 

Dirce,  Spring  of,  177. 

Dorpfeld,  Dr.,  6,  141,  189. 

Echecheiria,   Truce  of  God, 

196. 
Echetlos,  83,  84. 
Egypt,  186. 

Eileithyia,  precinct  of,  4, 
Electra,  112. 
Elgin,  Lord,  10. 
Eleusis,  54,  89,  141;  journey 

to,  35;    town,  36;    origin 

of  name,  37. 
Elis,  191. 
Epeios,  172. 

Erechtheum,  3,  14,  15-17. 
Erechtheus,      fight       with 

Eumolpus,       54 ;      S  w  i  n  - 

bume's  "  Erechtheus,"  56. 
Erichthonius,  hidden  in  chest, 

2. 
Erymanthus,  189. 
Euboea,    80,   84,    139,    169, 

182. 
Eumenides,  8. 
Eumolpus,  54. 
Euphorbus,  shield  of,  135. 
Euripides,    extract,    HeracL, 

87;  Ion,  5, 53,  149-154;  Iph. 

AuL,  10;  Tro.,  16;   Medea, 

33,   96,    142-144;    Palam., 

139,  140;  Phoen.,  146-147; 

Bacchae.,   180-181;  frag's, 

137;     Erechtheus,  55,  56; 

Phaeton,  170. 
Euripus,  78,  84,  182. 
Eurystheus,  87,  109.  138. 

Furies,  7. 

Geraneia,  73,  92,  93,  97. 
Glyptothek,  Munich,  72. 


298 


INDEX 


Grotto,  of  Apollo,  6,  141; 
of  Pan,  4,  6;  Pluto,  40; 
Corycian,  165,  166. 

Hagia  Marina,  64. 

Halcyon  Lake,  98 

Harma,  141. 

Hawthorne,  135. 

Helen,  32,  148. 

Helicon,  Mount,  100,  105, 
169,  174,  176. 

Helle,  95. 

Hera,  138;  punishes  Aegina, 
65;  anger  against  Ino,  94; 
Temple,  133;  Acraia,  Rock 
of,  142. 

Heracles,  93,  109,  187,  189, 
200;  children  of,  87;  labors 
of,  138. 

Heraeum,  in  Argolis,  133, 
135;   at  Olympia,  192. 

Hermes,  3;  statue  by  Prax- 
iteles, 192,  198,  199. 

Herodotus,  4;  extracts,  57, 
58,  84-86,  133-134. 

Herophile,  Sibyl,  148. 

Herse,  2. 

Hexamilia,  107. 

Hipparchus,  32. 

Hippias,  84. 

Hippocrene,  105. 

Hippodameia,  200. 

Hippodrome,  195. 

Homer,  111,  155,  189;  ex- 
tract, Iliad,  192-194;  Od., 
16,  95-96,  189,  203-221. 

Homeric  Hymns,  Demeter, 
40-53;  Apollo,  154,  156- 
160;  Hermes,  198.  • 

Howe,  Dr.  S.  G.,  107. 

Hyampeia,  at  Delphi,  146, 
161. 

Hygeia,  fountain  of,  19. 

Hymettus,  33,  73,  77,  78. 

Ictinus,  39. 
Ida,  12. 


Iliad,  see  Homer. 
Inachus,  132. 
Independence,    War    of,    6, 

165,  184,  185. 
Ino,  94. 
lo,  132. 
Ion,  149. 

Ionian  Islands,  189. 
Iphigenia,  112. 
Isocrates,  175. 
Isthmus,  98,  99,  195. 
Itea,  141,  144. 
Ithaca,  189. 
Itys,  170. 

John,  Don,  of  Austria,  184. 
Julian,  the  Apostate,  163. 

KttACT?  ZkuU,  93,  165. 
Kastri,  145. 
Kerata,  36,  37,  89. 
Kiona,  Mount,  146,  164. 
Kirphis,  166. 

Laconia,  110. 
Learchus,  94. 
Lepanto,  Battle  of,  184. 
Lerna,  marsh  of,  138;  Hydra 

of,  138. 
Lesche,  Cnidian,  163. 
Leucadia,  189. 
Leucothea,  94,  203. 
Lycabettus,  2,  17. 
Lycurgus,  83. 
Lysicrates,  19. 

Macaria,  87. 

Macedon,  175. 

Maenads,  165. 

Makrae,  *4ong  rocks,"  4. 

Marathon,  4,   148;    visit  to, 

77-78;   Soros,  81;   Lion  of, 

174. 
Marmaria,  161,  164. 
Medea,  142. 
Megara,  hostility  to  Athens, 

89,  90. 


INDEX 


299 


Megarian  Decree,  90. 

Megaris,  93. 

Megaros,  93. 

Meleager,  186. 

Melicertes,  94,  95. 

Menelaus,  135. 

Milton,  ode,  98;  sonnet,  175. 

Minoa,  Rock,  91. 

Minos,  of  Crete,  10,  68,  91, 

92. 
Missolonghi,  heroism  of,  184; 

Byron  at,  185. 
Mohammed  II,  149. 
Molurian  Rocks,  94. 
Moriae,  32. 
Mummius,  101. 
Munychia,  60. 
Muses,  174. 

Mycenae,  visit  to,  107-131. 
Mysteries,  Eleusinian,  37. 

Naupactus,  184. 

Nauplia,  107,  110,  132,  139; 

Bay    of,    138;     origin    of 

name,  138;  history,  140. 
Nauplios,  139. 

Nausicaa,  Story  of,  203-221. 
Nemea,  109,  110. 
Nemesis,  statue  of,  81. 
Nephele,  95. 
Nero,  begins  canal  at  Corinth, 

99;  at  Delphi,  148. 
Nik6    Apteros    Temple,    10; 

three  Graces  on,  12. 
Nik6  of  Paeonius,  198,  202. 
Nisaea,  91. 
Nisus,  91. 

Odeum,  18. 

Odysseus,  139,  140,  189,  203- 

221. 
Odyssey,  see  Homer. 
Oeax   139. 
Oedipus,  19,  28, 162, 167, 177, 

179. 
Oenomaus,  200. 


Oenone,  64. 

Olympia,  visit  to,  183-202; 
rivers  of,  189-190;  ruins 
at,  193;  treasure-houses 
at,  195;  stadium  at,  195; 
games  at,  195-198. 

Omphalos,  at  Delphi,  155. 

Orchomenos,  169. 

Orestes,  7,  162. 

Ovid,  extracts  from  Metam., 
65-67,  92,  94,  170. 

Palamedes,  139. 

Pallas,  Pronaia,  161. 

Pan,  grotto  of,  4,  6;  worship 
at  Athens,  78;  on  Parnas- 
sus, 165. 

Panachaicon,  188. 

Panaetolium,  Mount,  185. 

Panathenaic  procession,  15. 

Pandion,  91. 

Pandroseum,  4,  16. 

Pandrosus,  3,  4. 

Panopeus,  172. 

Paralos,  fn.  14. 

Parnassus,  100, 141, 165, 166, 
167,  174,  176;  visit  to, 
145-164. 

Parnes,  Mount,  25,  60,  73; 
tunnel  of,  182. 

Parthenon,  13,  15,  17,  18. 

Patras,  183,  188. 

Pausanias,  6,  15,  16,  64,  65, 
69,  81,  87,  93,  95,  105,  148, 
161,  174,  192;  extracts,  10- 
11,  83,  190-191,  200. 

Pegasus,  105. 

Pelasgians,  6,  7. 

Peleus,  69. 

Pelopidas,  102. 

Peloponnesian  War,  35,  36. 

Peloponnesus,  17,  77,  99,  183, 
188. 

Pelops,  19,  99,  111,  200. 

Pentelicus,  73,  78,  86. 

Pentheus,  179. 


300 


INDEX 


Pericles,  14,  90;  funeral  ora- 
tion, 22. 

Perseus,  birth  of,  135-136. 

Persian  War,  2,  149. 

Phaeacians,  203  ff. 

Phaedriades,  146. 

Phemonoe,  162. 

Phidias,  15,  73,  81;  statue  of 
Zeus,  192. 

Phidippides,  86. 

Philip  of  Macedon,  145,  174. 

Philomela,  170. 

Philostratus,  141. 

Phocis,  origin  of  name,  69. 

Phoebus,  163. 

Phormio,  184. 

Phrixos,  95. 

Phyle,  35. 

Pindar,  12,  13;  extracts,  70, 
71,  95,  110;  from  Threnoi, 
37;  from  01.,  195-196,  197, 
201-202;  at  Delphi,  155. 

Piraeus,  17,  36,  75,  141. 

Pirene,  fountain  of,  100,  105. 

Pisistratus,  3. 

Plataea,  82,  85;  tripod  at 
Delphi,  149,  154. 

Plato,  31;  at  court  of  Diony- 
sius,  32;  extract  from 
Phaedo,  11,  12;  from 
Republic,  33. 

Pleistos,  river,  145,  166. 

Plutarch,  fn.  3,  90;  birth- 
place of,  174;  capture  of 
Acrocorinthus,  102-105. 

Pluto,  grotto  of,  40. 

Polygnotus,  14,  163. 

Poljrxena,  fn.  14. 

Poseidon,  138. 

Procne,  170. 

Prometheus,  19,  24. 

Propylea,  at  Athens,  13,  14; 
at  Eleusis,  39. 

Proserpine,  40. 

Protogenes,  fn.  14. 

Prytaneima,  1. 


Psittaleia,  74. 

Pylas,  91. 

Pythagoras,  135. 

Pythia,   144,  155;    shrine  of 

149;    origin  of  name,  157; 

influence  of  oracles,  162. 
Pythian  games,  145;  stadium 

of,  163. 
Pythion,  141. 
Pytho,  157. 

Quintus  Smyrnaeus,  extract, 
172-173. 

Rhadamanthus,  68. 
Rhamnus,  81. 
Rheitoi,  54. 

Rhium,  "  Golden  Gate,"  183, 
185. 

Sacred  Way,  31,  54,  58,  148, 
161,  166;  built  by  Theseus, 
141. 

St.  Paul,  7. 

Salamis,  17,  25,  60,  74,  80, 
82,  89,  91,  141;  Atheni- 
ans flee  to,  4;  return  from, 
7;  Bay  of,  36;  Telamon 
at,    69. 

Saronic  Gulf,  142. 

Scheria,  203. 

Schliemann,  111. 

Scholia  on  Dramatists,  138. 

Sciron,  93. 

Scironian  Cliff,  93,  97. 

Scylla,  treachery  of,  91. 

Shelley,  190. 

Sicily,  189. 

Sicyon,  102,  104,  184. 

Simonides,  79;  inscription, 
79;  epitaph  from,  80; 
elegy  from,  97;  extracts, 
99,  136,  163. 

Sisyphus,  105. 

Socrates,  19,  162,  163;  sculp- 
tor, 12. 


INDEX 


301 


Solon,  at  Croesus's  court, 
133;   destroys   Crisa,    145. 

Sophocles,  extracts,  Oed. 
Col.,  27,  28,  38;  Oed. 
Tyr.,  167-169, 179;  Electra, 
171,  199-200;  Ajax,  74; 
Antig.,  165;   frag.,  137. 

Soros,  at  Marathon,  81. 

Spartans,  32,  35,  86. 

Sphintharos,  155. 

Sphinx,  Theban,  177. 

Stoa,  at  Delphi,  148. 

Strabo,  98. 

Sunium,  73,  86. 

Swinburne,  56,  188. 

Sx^rr^  656^,  "  Triple  Road," 
169. 

Symonds,  101. 

Tanagra,  182. 
Tantalus,  129. 
Telamon,  son  of  Aeacus,  64, 

68,  69. 
Tempe,  Vale  of,  154. 
Tereus,  170. 

Thebes,  visit  to,  177-182. 
Theocritus,  12. 
Thermopylae,  79,  82. 


Theseum,  21. 

Theseus,    83,    93;     sails    for 

Crete,  10,  11;    carried  ofif 

Helen,  32;   killed  Tortoise, 

94;     punished     Sinis,    97; 

built  Sacred  Way,  141. 
Thothmes  III,  133. 
Thrasybulus,  35,  102. 
Thriasian  Plain,  35,  36. 
Thucydides,  extract  from,  22- 

24. 
Thyestes,  112. 
Timon,  fn.  24. 
Tiryns,  87,  109,  111,  138. 
Tower  of  the  Winds,  6. 
Treasure-houses,  at  Olympia, 

195;  at  Delphi,  148. 
Triple  Roads,  The,  167,  169. 
Troy,    107,    112,    133,     138, 

139. 
Tyre,  147. 

Wordsworth,  82. 

Zemeno,  167. 

Zeus,    Temple    at    Olympia, 

191,  192,  198;    statues  at 

Olympia,  192,  195. 


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